Managerial leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managerial leadership - Assignment Example ee engagement refers to increasing the motivation, and enthusiasm of employees, so that they are absorbed in their work, they make meaningful contributions to improve the work processes, and take they take positive action to increase the work level quality (Menguc, 2013, p. 2164). Organisations with higher levels of employee engagement experience high employee involvement in the work processes (Truss, 2013, p. 2659). Consequently, such organisations outperform other similar firms, where employees work to the rule (Mone, 2014, p. 43). This paper examines the role of leadership in increasing the level of employee engagement, the methods, and drivers to increase the engagement and examines important predictors, intellectual, social, and emotional capital, which helps to achieve higher employee engagement. While employee engagement, and a motivated workforce, that takes on extra responsibilities, while volunteering for extra work is desirable, the main task for the leadership is to obtain and channelize the employee interest and motivation, so that the organisation objectives are met (Saks & Gruman, 2013, p. 158). The second task of directing and focussing employee motivation to meet organisation objectives is facilitated by using structured work allocation, problem identification, brainstorming, group discussions, suggestion box, discussion forums, and by using work collaboration software (Shantz, 2013, p. 2613). However, the first task of motivating the staff, and increasing employee engagement is more challenging (Guest, 2013, p. 223), and, this topic remains the focus of this paper. This section critically reviews the literature on the subject of leadership responsibility and increasing employee engagement. In the discussion of employee engagement, three contexts become important, and these are intellectual, social, and emotional capital (Mone, 2014, p. 161). Intellectual capital refers to the intellectual property of an organisation, and it has two components

Legal Framework of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Framework of Business - Essay Example rities and Futures, Commission (SFC), the Office of the Commissioner of Insurance (OCI) and the Mandatory Provident Fund as the principal regulatory authorities and the legal bodies in Hong Kong to regulate banking, securities and futures, insurance and retirement schemes industries respectively and finally the Hong Kong's Prevention of Bribery Ordinance to check corruption in business transactions. There are, however, blames hurled on the legal systems not to prove adequate to support the image of Hong Kong to be the international center of commerce the major being the laws on labor that can't protect them from being exploited. Hong Kong is Asia's main trading hub and one of the world's most open economies.. There are simple legal framework, soft taxation, almost no customs duties and no non-tariff barriers. ... (Hong Kong Business) by Christine Genzberger - 1994 Legal Framework for e-commerce: Electronic Transactions Ordinance in 2000 was promulgated to provide legal framework to e-commerce in Hong Kong.1. This ordinance was aimed to promote the legal framework and trusted environment for the conduct of electronic transactions in the country.. (PP89 90AIC Research and Public Policy Series) Internet fraud is becoming a common problem today. Legal problem comes while tackling this issue because of multiplicity of rules present in various jurisdiction and also that these rules are complex contradictory and not clear to be interpreted easily. Hong Kong has its own criminal laws pertaining to misuse of computers under section 85 of the Crime Ordinance (cap.200).2 Offence of falsification of bank computer records carries a penalty of life imprisonment. 10 year sentence may be imposed for the offence committed for false accounting by falsifying computer records under section 19 of the Theft Ordinance (cap 210).3. There are other provisions of thes e laws to cover damage to computers and unlawful interference with computers ( Urbas 2001) PP89 90 AIC Research and Public Policy Series) Voluntary recognition system: Hong Kong is the only country in Asia to have voluntary recognition system applicable on all Certification Authorities (CAs). Only those who have achieved certain objective standards are recognized. Activities of CAs and their relationship with their clients are, however, governed by common law. The director of Information Technology services has power to revoke or suspend the recognition of a CA if it fails to operate in accordance with the 'certification practice statement' or fail to

Persuasive speech about why iIllegal immigrants should not be given or Presentation

Persuasive about why iIllegal immigrants should not be given free health care - Speech or Presentation Example Also an unauthorized migrant might be one who violates the set terms of a legal entry. In 2008 it was estimated that the population of illegal immigrants in the US was approximately 11 million, which was said to be a drop from 12.5 million recorded in 2007 (Bogen 12). Bogen further points out that Mexican immigrant take the highest percentage (56%) out the total immigrants’ population. Studies reveal that majority of the current immigrant are well educated, many of them having at least a college degree. However, in general, the US population is better educated than that of the immigrants. Since 1990s, legal migrants continued to be outpaced in number by the illegal immigrants who are increasingly occupying various areas around the country. Most of the families in the US estimated to be 13.9 million individuals have at least one spouse, who is an illegal immigrant and most of them settle in areas characterized by large immigrants’ population (Beasley 32). He observes tha t unauthorized contemporary migrants comprise of about 44% of the total population of us. Majority of them settle in Florida, Texas, California, New Jersey, Illinois and Pennsylvania with California harboring the highest population of approximately 2.93 million illegal migrants.

Recruitment Case Essay Example for Free

Recruitment Case Essay 1a. job advertisment in the news paper, radio through assessment days and recruitment agencies such as REEDS. * Job description and personal specification for the job is included in the job advert for example: Mdec data entry keyer or manager etc. * Candidates fill in application forms through royal mail websites or collect through nearest royal mail post office. * Application forms and refrences of candidates are checked and a short list of the best candidates for the job is drawn. * Canadidates are phoned or email to come to an assessment day. Those who pass will be given an interview date. * Candidates are interviewed and welcomed to the job. * Those who have been uncsucessful are sent a sorry letter. 1b. Individual interviews: in these the manager or supervisor will meet each worker anbd discuss the good work they have done and the mistakes or improvements that are needed. These will include documents such as register for absences, punctuality or any tasks that have been sucessfully or unsucessfully handled. 2a. Personal Development Plan: Get trained into the skills needed for the business e.g. use of machinery, new technology, teamworking etc. Develop time management skills so that i am punctual and able to complete tasks on time by setting aims and odjectives for myself. Improve my listening and communication skills so that good quality service is provided to customers. 2b. Human recources: Recruitment of staff for the IT department in 3 months time ie. from 18th November till 18th of Febuary. Training:Train staff for new use of technology e.g. computerised stock control systems in 2 weeks time of use ie. from 11th of Novmber 2006 till 24th of November 2006. Production: Increase speed of production due to christmas sales by over time given to workers, till 15th December 2006. Introduce quality circles where employees can sit and discuss problems as well as participate in decision making till next month 10th of December 2006. Encourage teamwokring so that workers develop good relationships with colleagues. 2c. By training staff, business will minimise costs by reduced absences, fewer accidents and a fast pace of production. By recruiting staff members for IT department means good quality service produced. Increased production needs to be done during peak times because customer demand is high and not meeting orders means losing potential sales that will affect profits negativley. Through quality circles, employees are motivated and feel they are part of the business. Teamworking will cause good working condition inside the workplace which will make employees have job satisfaction and due to this they will be more committed towards thier work. Read more:Â  Carlton Case 2d. Workers should organise a party to get to know eachother better. Managers and workers should have individual meetings as well ad group meetings so that efficiency is enhanced. Teamworking activities can be non work related e.g. quizzes or sports matches as part of thier training programme. 3. Recruiting the right staff for the business is very important because if the correct Person Sepcification is given then a business can choose from capable candidate the best one for the job. This will include relevent qualifications and skills needed e.g. for IT technicain a degree in IT and work experience in an IT department is required. Secondly, if the right type of Job Description is provided to candidates then time and costs will be reduced because the right type of people will be attracted towards the job. Also, interview proceedures should include equal opportunities for all candidates e.g. same amount of time, atmosphere must be provided with the same set of questions to be asked. This will be a fair selection proceedure to sift the most able, committed and hard working staff. Thirdly, monitoring proceedures such as individual meetings or assessment days will provide appraisals to tell employees thier strengths and weaknesses at work. Producing personal development plans mean workers set themselves tasks and try to achieve them. This will motivate them and able them to work better. All of these points mean that if the staff have good skills and commitment towards the success of the business then this i will improve cusotmer services, sales to generated profit.

Construction Project Delay: Causes and Effects

Construction Project Delay: Causes and Effects In this chapter, I will discuss types, causes and effects of delay of project in the construction industry. Besides that, I will also discuss the method to minimize the delays happening in construction industry 2.2 Type of Delay In construction industry, there are the categories of delays used in determining delay damage as shown in table 2.1 Figure 2.1 Types of Delay 2.2.1 Excusable delays Excusable delay as define a delay that is due to an unforeseeable event beyond the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or the subcontractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s control. Usually, based on common general provisions in public agency specifications, delay resulting from the following events would be considered excusable such as fires, floods, owner-directed changes, errors and omissions in the contract drawing, unusually severe weather and etc. Excusable delays can be further classified into excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation. 2.2.1.1 Excusable with compensation Compensation delays are caused by the owner or the owners agents. An example of this would be the drawings late release from the owners architect. An excusable, compensable delay normally leads to a schedule extension and exposes the owner to financial damages claimed by the contractor. In this scenario, the contractor incurs additional indirect costs for both extended field office and home office overhead and unabsorbed home office overhead. 2.2.1.2 Excusable delays without compensation Non-compensable delays are caused by third parties or incidents beyond the control of both the owner and the contractor. Examples typically include acts of God, unusual weather, strikes, fires, acts of government in its sovereign capacity, etc. In this case, the contractor is normally entitled to claim extension of time but no compensation for delay damages 2.2.2 Non-excusable delays Non-excusable delays are cause by lack of performance of the contractor on the construction project. This delay can be cause by underestimates of productivity, improper project planning and scheduling, poor site management and supervision, wrong construction methods, equipment breakdowns, unreliable subcontractors or suppliers. Therefore, it is contractor responsibilities to continue their work with no entitlement to claim for extension of time or delay damages until they completed the project. For instance, a contractor failure to provide an adequate material to completed their job. 2.2.3 Concurrent Delay Concurrent delay is a problem that happening on most of the construction industry project. This issue arises when two or more delaying event at the same time in a project cannot complete on time. In this situation, both owner and contractor are responsible for the delay. Commonly concurrent delays which involve any two or more excusable delays result in extension of time. When excusable with compensation and non-excusable delays are concurrent, an extension of time can be issued or the delay can be distribution between the owner and the contractor. Concurrent delay can be categories in three types of delays: If excusable and non-excusable delays occur concurrently, the contractor only to allow claim for extension of time: If excusable with compensation and excusable without compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitle to claim extension of time but no delay damages: If two excusable with compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitled to claim extension of time and delay damages. For instance, a concurrent delay would be if the owner failure to give more detail regarding either using ceramic tile or homogeneous tile for toilet floor finishes. But at the same time contractor made with own decision and using ceramic tile for toilet floor finishes but actually owner plan using homogeneous tile. In this situation, the contractor cannot claim for damages. It is because contractor is not follow owner instruction but he can claim for extension of time with owner failure to give more detail of drawing 2.3 Causes of delays Figure 2.2 Causes of delays Based on the researched done through by journal, books, and some other reference. Project delay can be causes by a lot of parties which is shown in the Figure 2.2. They are include client, contractor, consultant, labour, material, equipment, financial and some external causes. 2.3.1 Caused of Client Related Delays Figure 2.3 Factors of client related delays 2.3.1.1 Lack of experience of client in construction According to Koushki, et al. (2005) identified factors of lack of experiences of client in construction project have high influence to the causes of delays. Some of the project delay cause by client due to not enough experience especially fresh developer. Most of the time, client facing a problem and do not know how to solve it immediately because of no experience. During client finding the way to solve the problem, some of the work could not progress. Finally, the whole project delay because of some particular work delay. 2.3.1.2 Change order According to Odeh and Battaineh (2002) mentioned the factors of change orders that contribute to causes of delaysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Client always change the design during the construction period, during the same time that will affect whole project delay. It is because contractor cannot carry out his work until the latest drawing issue by architect. Consequently contractor cannot be done within the contract period. Most of the current project delay because of change order by client. For instance, a project almost complete but client change certain part of design and instruct contractor carry out the additional work. After done the whole project, the contractor found out was exceeding contract period. 2.3.1.3 Client interference According to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors client interference that contributes to causes of delays in construction project. Some of the client instruct contractor to carry out additional work without ask architect promise. During the contractor carry out additional work, some of the work could not progress and it will be delay immediately. On the other hand, client do not follow the procedure such as did not mention architect issue an architect instruction. Finally it will affect the whole project delay. 2.3.2 Causes of contractor related delay Figure 2.4 Factors of contractor related delay 2.3.2.1 Inadequate contractor experience Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributor to causes of delays. Long, ET al. (2004) mentioned the factors of inadequate contractor experience that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of inadequate contractor experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the delay projects are facing a problem during construction period. But at the same time contractor could not solved the problem immediately because of no experience. During the contractor finding method to solve the problem, some of the works totally stop because of that problem. After the problem was solved, those work keeping continue but run out from the schedule. Finally, the whole project will influence delay. 2.3.2.2 Inaccurate time estimate According to Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of inaccurate time estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Time estimates are important as inputs into other technique used to manage and structure for all projects. An inaccurate time estimation technique may cause a project delay. For instance, in some delay project, the contractor do not allowed time for some common problem always happen during the construction stage such as breakdown of equipment, miss deliveries by supplies, accidents and emergencies and so on. Because of this problem the actual time will run out from the estimated. So, the whole project could be facing delay. 2.3.2.3 Inaccurate of cost estimate According to Long, et al. (2004) also mentioned that, the factors of inaccurate cost estimating that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Construction estimating errors can be very expensive and embarrassing. Inaccurate of cost estimate contribute a lot of cause such as wrong measurements from contract drawing, using incorrect units of measure, material improperly priced and the most common mistakes in arithmetic . Sometime contractor because of inaccurate of cost estimate measurement again for that particular work. Finally, due to re-measurement time some of the work will influence delay and it will also affect whole project to delay. 2.3.2.4 Poor site management and supervision Battaineh (2002) studied that, the factors of poor site management and supervision as contributors to causes of delays. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of poor site management and supervision that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the project team a lack of management and supervision due team member without any experience and skill such as hire person who are fresh graduate. Once they facing problem but do not know how to solve it. Besides that, some of the supervisor did not cooperation with their team member due to lack of communicated. Finally, because of cannot solve the problem immediately the whole project influence delay. 2.3.3 Causes of Consultant Related Delays Figure 2.5 Factors of consultant related delays 2.3.3.1 Inadequate consultant experience According to Long, et al. (2004) studied the factors of inadequate consultant experience as contributors to causes of delays. In construction industry, they are many consultants carry out their work without experience. Besides that, there are many causes of a consultant without experience which include different site conditions, mismanagement and maladministration, site access restrictions, defective plan and/or specification. For instances, some of the architects only concentrated in certain part of building and do not have any experience in other type. Once architect design on that particular type of building without experiences, he will facing a lot of mistake and no ideas during design and because of this architect will delay issue the drawing. Finally, the works cannot process and it will affect the whole project delay. 2.3.3.2 Poor design and delay in design According to Ogunlana, et al.(1996) mentioned the factors of poor design and delay in design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. Design is every important to any project, without good design the whole project will influence delay. It is because in a project if facing poor design that will facing demolish and rebuilt again. This problem happens because of the designer lack of experience. For instance, an architect designs a column in the middle of classroom. Once the contractor without any experience and construct the work exactly shown in the drawing. Finally 2.3.3.3 Incomplete drawing and detail design Long, et al. (2004) identified the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of incomplete drawing and detail design that contribute to causes of delays in construction project. During construction, the contractor is carrying out the work but because of drawing is unclear and none very detail shown in the drawing. He could not continue the work with problem, so the works have to stop immediately until get more detail of that particular drawing from consultant responds. Because of without detail drawing the work could not be progress, so it will affect the tat particular work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay. 2.3.4 Causes of labour related delays Figure 2.6 Factors of labour related delays 2.3.4.1 Labour supply Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factors of slow labor supply that contribute to causes of delays. Odeh and Bataineh (2002) in their research identified à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the factors of labor supply as contributors to causes of delays. Besides material, the labour also consider as major source in the construction industry. Generally, labour are categories into two groups such as skilled workers and unskilled workers. In construction industry without labour project could not run. For instance, during construction, materials are ready to but no worker carrying out the work. During the same time because of no worker to progress of work, the project will confront project delay. 2.3.4.2 Shortage of skilled worker According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) mentioned the factor of shortage of skill labor is the most important factor that contributed to causes of delays. Skilled worker is a worker who has some special skill, knowledge and ability in his job and also gets highest pay such as plasterer, carpenter, painter, and concreter. Those skilled workers are learning the skills on the job. In construction, some contractors do not hire skilled workers because of higher labour cost and he employs some unskilled workers. At the same time skilled workers do not want get the job from the contractor with lower labour cost. Finally the unskilled workers could not complete the work on time. So, because of shortage of skilled worker affect whole project delay. 2.3.4.3 Labor of productivity According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factor of labor productivity having high influence to causes of delays. Labor of productivity; generally define as output per labour hour. There are many factors that influence on the labour productivity. One of the factors is workers experience, labour with high experience and high skills in field leads to high performance at workplace. Besides that, attitude also will affect productivity of labour. For instance, a worker can lay one meter square per hour but because of lazy. Finally he using three hours to finish laid the brick wall. Because of this factor, the progress work delay and it will also influence the whole project delay. 2.3.5 Causes of Material related Delay Figure 2.7 Factors of material related delay 2.3.5.1 Shortage of construction materials Koushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that, factor shortage of construction material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of shortage of material as a factor to causes of delay. Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) studied that factors shortage of material as contributors that contribute to causes of delays. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) identified the factor of shortage of material that contribute to causes of delays. Material shortage is a potential source of construction delay. The major causes of material shortage is demand exceed supply. In construction have a lot type of material and the three main courses are cement, formwork and steel bar. Besides that, material is one of the main sources in construction industry. It is because without material project cannot construct. If a project facing the material shortage problem will be delay. For instance, a project having shortage ceramic tiles even though the labours ready for tiling. In this situatio n, the project will facing delay project. 2.3.5.2 Late delivery of materials Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of late delivery of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of late delivery of material that contribute to causes of delays. Late delivery of material as a supplier fault due to high market demand; however the long procedure of the purchasing order from head office was complained. In construction, it factor is similar to the material shortage such as the labour ready for work but no material to do their work. Once contractor cannot receive the material on time that will be delay work and it will also affect project delay. For example, workers want to install the windows but without frame because of late delivery to site. So, the work will be delay and it will affect project delay. 2.3.5.3 Poor quality of construction materials Koushki, et al. (2005) mentioned that factor poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of poor quality of material as a factor to causes of delay. Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) studied the factor of poor quality of material that contribute to causes of delays. Poor quality of material is construct building with using poor quality of material. The contractor has intention to cheat owner to earn more profit by change the quality of material such as concrete. For instance, a contractor cast a column with using Y 20 steel bar but actual in contract drawing is Y 25. After site staff done the inspection for this column and found that the steel bar inside column is Y 20 and ask contractor demolish the column to rebuild. In this case, time taken to rebuild the column will also affect project delay. 2.3.5.4 Escalation of material prices Ogunlana, et al. (1996) identified the factor of escalation of material prices as a factor to causes of delay. Wiguna and Scoot (2005) studied the factor of escalation of material prices was one factor that contribute to causes of delays. Escalation of material prices will cause shortage material in construction. It is because the market rate is keeping increasing. Some of the contractor does not buy the expensive material. During same time, the construction without material cannot run so the project will influence the project delay. For instance, a contractor because of material cost of market demands higher and does not make any order for material until material shortage. Finally, the construction cannot run without material and it will affect delay project also. 2.3.6 Causes of Equipment Related Delays Figure 2.8 Factors of Equipment related delays 2.3.6.1 Insufficient number of equipment According to Ogunlana, et al. (1998) identified the factors of insufficient numbers of equipment is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction stage, contractors are facing not enough machinery to produce work. It is because some of the contractors do not have a large capital to purchase that machinery due to higher cost. Once the projects carry out with not enough machinery, it will influence whole project delay. For instance, there are two works to be done by using towel crane but in site only one towel crane available. Finally, two of work could not be done at the same time due to not enough towel cranes. 2.3.6.2 Frequent equipment breakdown McCaffer (1998) studied the factors of equipment breakdown as contributors to causes of delays. Ogunlana, et al. (1998) mentioned the factor of frequent equipment breakdown is the most significant factors that contribute to causes of delays. In construction industry, some of the machinery always breakdown due to improper using by worker such as do not follow the instruction. For instance, machinery only can support for five hundred kilograms of material but during worker using that machinery and his carry out six hundred kilograms of material. Finally, the machinery will breakdown. Once machinery breakdown, the work will be stop immediately and affect some work delay. Finally, because of machinery breakdown the whole project will also influence delay. 2.3.6.3 Shortage of Equipment Parts According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factor of shortage of equipment parts that contribute to causes of delays. After machinery breakdown, the technical carry out the repair work for the breakdown of equipment. During the same time, some part of machinery none have stock in market. Because of no spare part to repair the machinery, some of the works facing stop progress immediately. Consequently, it will influence whole project to be delay. 2.3.7 Causes of Financial Related Delays Figure 2.9 Factors of Financial related delays 2.3.7.1 Clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) identified the factors of clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties as contributor to causes of delays. During the construction, client will face some financial problem arise from unanticipated emergencies or financial mismanagement such as global financial crisis. Besides that, a client proposes a new development without borrow term loan or bridging loan from the bank. On the other hand, improper cost planning is a most serious problem for those clients facing in current delay project. For instance, during pre-construction stage a client do not planning cost properly and he will facing a lot of problem in construction stage such as no enough capital to pay contractor payment. Finally, because of contractor did not receive payment to influence whole project delay. 2.3.7.2 Delay payment to suppliers/subcontractor According to Abd Majid and McCaffer (1998) mentioned the factors of inadequate fund allocation and delay payment to subcontractor/suppliers as contributor to causes of delays in construction project. Due to sub- contractor do not take their responsibility to done the work on time. The contractor will delay the payment until they complete the job. But at the same time, the sub-contractor refuse to work because of not yet receive payment. As a consequently, the whole project will be influence delay due to sub-contractor refuse to work. 2.3.7.3 Contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the factors of contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial difficulties having high influence to causes of delays. Poor financial management has been known as one of the factors why certain project cannot complete within contract period. Because of contractor lack of experience and could not manage their capital properly. On the other hand, because of delay payment by client contractor not enough money to cover up all sub-contractors and suppliers payment. Finally, the sub-contractor and suppliers refuse to work and supply material to the site and because of this factor the whole will influence delay. 2.3.8 Causes of External Related Delays Figure 2.10 Factors of external related delays 2.3.8.1 Weather condition Odeh and Battaineh (2002) identified the factors of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays. Long, et al. (2004) mentioned factors weather condition as factors ofexternal related delays. AL-Momani (2000) studied the factor of weather condition as contributors to causes of delays in construction project. During the construction period, weather is a factor to influence the whole project delay. It because weather condition that interfere with planned activities. Some activities can process but other cannot. For instances, during the worker cast the ground floor slab, but because of raining that particular work to be delay. 2.3.8.2 Slow site clearance According to Long, et al. (2004) identified factors of slow site clearance as factors of external related delays. During begin of construction stage, the responsibility party should have to carry out their work for site clearance immediately. Without clearance the site construction work cannot process. In some delay project found that, the third party did not take their responsibility to finish the site clearance within the period. Consequently, the whole project delay because of site clearance works delay. 2.4 Effect of Delays According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) identified the effects of construction delays on project delivery in Nigerian construction industry. They also said that the six major effects of delays follow by rank which include time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, litigation, and total abandonment as shown in the Table 2.11 Effects of Delay Rank Time overrun 1 Cost overrun 2 Dispute 3 Arbitration 4 Litigation 5 Total Abandonment 6 Source : Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) Table 2.11 The effect of delays 2.4.1 Time overrun Time overrun it mean contractor could not carry out their work within contract period. In generally, time overrun can be categories into two group which include excusable delays and non-excusable. Once the project facing time overrun, it will affect the progress of work cannot finish on time. Besides that, the fault party will take the responsibility to pay the relevant parties for damages because of delay. For instance, during the project almost completed, but at the same time contractor because of exceptionally implement weather cannot completed the project within contract period. In this situation the contractor entitle to claim extension of time. On the other hand, if that contractor cannot complete the work within contract period due to his own fault. So the contractor no entitle to claim extension of time and he need to pay liquated damages. As stated in Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia form 2006 (PAM form 2006), which certain clauses stating about the damages by employer due to this event. It stated that in clauses below. 2.3.1.1 Clause 22.1 Liquidated Damage and Certificate of Non-Completion If the contractor fails to complete the works by the Completion Date, and the architect is of the opinion that the same ought reasonably so to have been completed, the architect shall issue a certificate of Non-completion. Upon the issuance of the certificate of Non-Completion the contractor shall pay or allow to the Employer a sum calculated at the rate stated in the Appendix as Liquidated Damages for the period from the Completion Date to the Date of Practical Completion. The Employer may recover such sum from the Performance Bond. The Employer shall inform the contractor in writing of such deduction or such debt due to from the contractor. The imposition of Liquated Damages by the Employer shall not be taken into account by the Architect in the issuance of payment certificates and Final Certificate, and is not subject to the set-off procedures under clause 30.4 and adjudication. 2.3.1.2 Clause 23.1 Submission of notice and particulars for extension of time If the Contractor is of the opinion that the completion of the Work is or will be delayed beyond the completion Date by any of the Relevant Event stated in Clause 23.8, he may apply for an extension of time provided always that 2.3.1.3 Clause 23.8 Relevant Events Exceptionally implement weather 2.4.2 Cost overrun During construction stages, the client and contractor always facing of cost overrun. Cost overrun  is an unexpected  cost  incurred in excess of a budgeted amount, due to  cost underestimation. Cost overrun is related to time overrun, once a project cannot be done in time, it will also affect the cost of project over budget. Commonly, cost overrun always happen due to contractor own fault such as inaccurate of cost estimate and he need to take responsibility to pay owner loss and expense. For instance, a contractor because of improper cost planning due to cost overrun. Finally, the owner set of his loss and expense from the contractor interim payment. 2.4.3 Dispute In construction industry, some of project delay because of dispute between contractual parties such as client, consultants, contractor and some relevant parties. Those disputes because of client failure make payment to the contractor. Once dispute happen, the relevant parties will go through with mediation. The mediator will make a decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision made by mediator, the parties will appeal the decision with arbitrator. If both parties accept the decision and the fault parties will take responsibility to pay damages for project delay. 2.4.4 Arbitration In current delay project, some of the contractual parties do not accept the mediator decision and they appeal in arbitration. Arbitrator will also make the decision to solve the problem. But if one of the parties does not accept the decision again made by Arbitrator, they still can appeal the decision in litigation. 2.4.5 Litigation In some delay project, the relevant parties because of still do not accept with the arbitrator decision. They are appeal the result in litigation which is dispute resolution in the courts. In litigation, the parties have a trial either by a court alone or by jury. If those parties are not satisfied judgment again, then they can appeal again if they have any new evidence to proof their right. But one the parties accept with the judgment, the faulty of parties need take responsibility to pay the penalty 2.4.6 Total abandonment Total abandonment it means the whole project stop immediately because of client facing financial difficulties. Some of the current delay project totally abandoned because of clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or contractor problem which include clients bankruptcy, contractor run away, poor marketing and sales strategies and so on. The effect of project totally abandoned will affect many parties such as contractual parties which include contractor, consultant, sub-contractor, supplier and some other relevant parties. Besides those parties, the purchasers will also suffer in cost damages due to project abandoned. 2.5 Methods of minimizing construction delays According to Nguyen, et al. (2004), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“studied the factors that can be applied as a method of minimizing of construction delays as follows: competent project manager; frequent progress meeting; accurate initial cost estimates; accurate initial time estimates; awarding bids to the right/experience consultant and contractor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During pre-construction stage, a client should employ a depth knowledge project manager to organize a good project team member to progress the work. Besides that, the project team member should be always discussing with the problem having during the site progress. On the other hand, contractor should be employs some employee with experience such as quantity surveyor. So that, during the time or cost estimate they can add on some unforeseen event to avoid the cost and time overrun. Furthermore, the developer should be hire some experience consultant and contractor.iot is because once they facing problem, they can refer previous project to so lve the problem immediately. So, the project can process with smoothly. According to Aibinu and Jagboro (2002), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“identified two methods to minimize or if possible eliminate time overrun were: acceleration of site activities, and contingency allowance.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During construction stages, the contractor should carry out his responsibility to make sure the work progress can complete in time. If found that work progress are not equal to the estimate schedule. The contractor may carry out with acceleration such as hire additional worker. Besides that, the client may allow contractor standby some extra cost for unforeseen event such as accidents. According to Koushki, et al. (2005), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“revealed that the minimization of time delays and cost overruns would require: ensure adequate and available source of finance until project completion; ensure timely delivery of materials.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? During pre-construction, a client may prepare a good cash flow within the contract period. Once the client does not enough money to cover up construction cost, he can borrow a term loan or bridging loan from the bank to cover the cost until the whole project completed. It will avoid project delay due to client not enough capital. Besides that, the contractors make sure that material are order with a reliable suppliers and can receive it on time. Acco

Marketing Strategy for DAMAC

Marketing Strategy for DAMAC Introduction DAMAC Properties is a Dubai based company established in 2002. It is a private, commercial and leisure developer with â€Å"iconic† improvements and developments in staggering areas in significant urban communities in the Middle East has helped DAMAC construct image and repute for making lavish and alluring properties. Previously DAMAC Properties has extended its network within a few years of success, in to regions of North Africa, Qatar, Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. Since its establishment in 2002, DAMAC has conveyed 9,318 units to date and as of now has an advancement arrangement of in excess of 25,000 units at different phases of advancement and arranging conveying DAMACs vision of extravagance living with amazing private, accommodation, and relaxation and business improvements. At the heart of the Groups society lies the yearning to convey this vision for its clients, with the Companys c.1,400 workers dealing with the whole process – from the determination of improvement accomplices, for example, designers, planners and foremen, the distance to the handover of keys. To guarantee improvements are conveyed to the most elevated conceivable measures, DAMAC gives the privilege working environment to capable workers chooses just the privilege accomplices and creates ventures in prime areas. Continuously at the bleeding edge of visionary ideas, DAMAC has associations with â€Å"Paramount Hotels Resorts†, the official licensee of Paramount Pictures, Italian design houses Versace Home and FENDI Casa for marked private condo and manors and the Trump Organization for the advancement and operations of the Trump International Golf Course, Dubai and the Trump Estates inside the AKOYA by DAMAC improvement. As DAMAC keeps on innovating and bring new ideas to the business sector, the Company is resolved to expand on its compelling execution to date. With vision and energy, DAMAC is building the up and coming era of Middle East extravagance living. The Company issued Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs) which are recorded on the London Stock Exchange. Citibank N.A. goes about as the depositary for the GDR. The projects by DAMAC Properties include; Marina Terrance, Executive Heights, Lake View, Lake Terrance, The Waves, Smart Heights, Park Towers and DAMAC Maison, The Summit. These projects deliver a luxury and undergo desire for design and quality. Mission: DAMAC states its mission as â€Å"delivering value to its customer†. Basically it aims to deliver. DAMAC ensures that the developments and establishments of buildings are delivered with the highest possible standards from the creative employees, architecture and contractor and designers. Since its history starting from 2002, it has maintained a record of building delivery with its vision of luxury developments. Market Description: Market serves as a medium for interaction of buyer and seller. It can be highly unpredictable. Throughout the world market with the perspective of buyer differs from seller’s point of view. Market changes daily whereas from business perspective it creates a daily challenge. Throughout the world, organizations are confronting the challenge of global rivalry and with the effects of globalization on political, financial, economic and society; patterns of purchasing and offering are changed. The organizations in worldwide business sector are attempting to profit by the favorable circumstances that have been made because of globalization. In this present period of globalization the organizations are attempting to execute progressed innovation so as to expand their core competency and business yields. Because of immense rivalry in worldwide business associations are selecting competitive workers and executing a few extraordinary marketing techniques. The organizations ought to be learned enough about different components of promoting process to exhibit the understanding of overseeing marketing. There are diverse components of marketing process and strategic implementation of these processes, for example, strategic plan for marketing mix implementation, strategies for targeting, segmentation, positioning based on focus and cost effective methodologies. Market segmentation is used to identify the different segments of consumers with respect to different product line. (Kotler, 2009)Targeting strategy is used to recognize the target audience for the particular products. Product positioning is used to identify the region in which the products will compete in a market place. These different elements of marketing process are elaborated in this study in order to understand managing marketing. Dubai is a major and attractive marketing hub and since the developments in Arab nations and Muslim world, opportunities for business investments are growing higher. The global recoveries in 2003 of Dubai, the economic conditions of Dubai region are improved with a growth of GDP. This recovery has led to benefit the housing scheme and real estate business around Dubai where people has a clear change in their life styles. The market changing perspectives of Dubai housing and building schemes are identified in this report with the help of marketing strategies adopted by DAMAC Company. DAMAC Properties introduction and mission is also discussed previously, further the report will discuss about its current marketing details and future marketing plans. Strategic Implementation: DAMAC business strategy and objectives are aligned to its vision of leading and creating innovation thus its strategy revolves around the core steps as follows: Buy: DAMAC identifies the golden opportunities of premium lands and buy the property. It reviews the economic and favorable business opportunities in other countries outside of Dubai. Create: DAMAC creates a highly valuable and luxurious and innovative lifestyle through its buildings and value added projects. Sell: It sells the premium quality property while creating business associations and relationships with the leading housing and hotel brands. Build: DAMAC has built efficient projects through proper utilization of strategic planning, budget controlling and maximizing the profits. Marketing Mix Marketing mix of anorganizationis the spine of any organizations promoting system. Each heading association needs to examine the showcasing blend productively keeping in mind the end goal to do the method development (Jobber, 2012) Product:  DAMAC introduces the innovative and luxurious houses and properties. Its projects are alliances of other leading brands such as Paramount Hotels. DAMAC’s projects include Marina Terrance, Executive Heights, Lake View, Lake Terrance, The Waves, Smart Heights, Park Towers and DAMAC Maison etc. AKOYA is a luxurious villa, and a future business plan of DAMAC. Price: DAMAC has set premium prices for its products and services. One reason include its target market i.e., highly innovative and lifestyle oriented. Other reason is the scope of housing and building schemes in Dubai. In long run, the business could benefit from the increasing rates and opportunities of growth. In 2020 the prices are expected to show increasing trend for housing projects in Dubai. Place:  DAMAC has located the areas of Middle East, North Africa and others with a major hub in Dubai. It has a geographical focus on worldwide opportunities. Primarily it operates in residential sector but it also aims to create market in commercial development and co-brands of hotel and apartments. It has international and national offices for dealing and other matters. Promotion: It uses face to face market tools through its presence in Dubai Malls. It also uses technology and electronic media for its promotion. Target Customer: DAMAC has targeted the customer with; innovative lifestyle and luxury seeking attribute. It has focused mainly on the high income that does not bother to pay high for their niche requirements. Market Segmentation There are severalkeyelements in marketing strategies. Market segmentation is one of those key elementsthat have been implemented in maximum time. Behavioral Segmentation:  Based on behavioral segmentation, Customer behavior include the luxury and relaxed life style, need of housing style as in western nations. The company has built projects with premium quality and luxurious life styles and a never ending experience. Profile Segmentation:  A customer who is well cultured and has a good educational background with higher earnings level comes under this segment. Trade and commerce related background people are top most targeted customers. Young married couples and old ones are mostly targeted. Geographic Segmentation:  On the basis of geographic segmentation, it has eyed upon the regions of premium and worthy lands which can create a desire in people who want a standard and premium lifestyle. Psychographic segmentation: DAMAC has targeted the customers of middle age; young couples with energy and fun element seeking for spending time with high enduring tastes and values depending upon social class. Old aged based on their living style of being prestigious and with high standards.   Market Opportunities: Consumer Behavior The consumer behavior analysis relies on the relationship of people with the assistance of marketing mix. Additionally, pay level of individuals and socio-cultural variables assume a huge part on purchasing conduct of consumers (Pride Ferrell, 2011).In term of profits, business of DAMAC can lead to go up as the consumer needs of luxurious life style as adopted by Western culture has increased in Dubai and Middle East. Since this desire, the marketing for middling ranged income group is another opportunity to look forward. Since DAMAC focus of premium price, it also needs to look forward and create luxury life style opportunity for affordable range. In future, housing scheme and land prices are expected to grow up with double or triple rates. Thus, it may suggest business growth and future investment opportunities as DAMAC reports for 2013 shows its profits and success, thus the growth continues to rise. (DAMAC Annual Report, 2013) The graph below presents the current leading situati ons to opportunities for growth in hoteling and related requirements. Because Dubai is a major hub for many international events, people will seek the facility of hoteling for stay such as for events like Dubai expo. Towards the end of 2020, pattern for hoteling and housing scheme shows an upward trend. Source: (Dubaitourism.ae) Market Research: Secondary Research:  All the data is collected from the sources available on net, the journals, news and annual report of the company. Also the theories from scholarly sources are also present to back up the marketing report. Primary Research:  Primary research is conducted on the basis of survey. The respondents were selected and their response is collected through the designed questionnaire present in the Appendix A at the end. Bibliography DAMAC Annual Report. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.damacproperties.com/en/general/download/file/damac-real-estate-development-limited-annual-report-2013-final?id=12200type=report. Dubaitourism.ae. (n.d.). Retrieved December 25, 2014, from www.dubaitourism.ae Jobber, D. (2012). Principles and Practice of Marketing. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.http://oro.open.ac.uk/36359/ Kotler, P. (2009). Principles of Marketing. Pearson Education India.http://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=KN6PqQMnFBACoi=fndpg=PR34dq=Kotler,+P.+(2009).+Principles+of+Marketing.+Pearson+Education+India.ots=UhHdTbDNHzsig=CYs0TJTf7gnth-JsooXTBZ2R3Fg Pride Ferrell. (2011). Marketing. . Stamford: Cengage Learning.http://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=3dp0cR45FZcCoi=fndpg=PR3dq=Pride++Ferrell.+(2011).+Marketing.+ots=OwFuTk_15Tsig=WQxHkWpC6oD22ezjFSdPU1spd4o#v=onepageq=Pride Ferrell. (2011). Marketing.f=false Appendix A Questionnaire: Demographics: (Mandatory) Name: Age: Occupation: Income: Question Strongly Agree Agree Moderate Disagree Strongly Disagree The changing trends and globalization has impacted the lifestyle of people in Arab nations, more particularly in Dubai? The market need of customer is changing due to increasing trend of social class and society standards The increase in income is one source of change in need of life style. Present market conditions suggest that there is a need to focus on housing trends and styles Luxury is a need to today’s world. How convinced is a middle class person to buy a luxury life style: Greatly Moderately Depends upon his income Depends on his needs Depends on his income and other social factors Why would you prefer, a luxury home in attractive location: Due to increase in income Due to societal trends and need of standards and lifestyle Other Factors: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Open Ended Questions: What do you think about DAMAC and its success? Have you ever visited or a client at DAMAC Properties? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How far DAMAC Properties has fascinated the clients based on its vision of delivering luxury? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Bram Stokers Dracula Meets Hollywood Essay -- Film Films Movie Movies

Bram Stoker's Dracula Meets Hollywood For more than 100 years, Bram Stoker’s Victorian novel, Dracula, has remained one of the most successful and revered novels ever published. Since its release in 1897, no other literary publication has been the subject of cinematic reproduction as much as Dracula. Dracula has involuntarily become the most media friendly personality of the 20th century. When a novel, such as Dracula, is transformed into a cinematic version, the end product is usually mediocre and provides non-existing justice to the pain staking work endured by the author. Due to production costs and financial restrictions, the director and screenplay writer can never fully reproduce an entire literary work into a screen version. With the complications of time restriction in major motion pictures, a full-length novel is compacted into a two-hour film. This commonly leads to the interference in the sequence of events, alternation of plots and themes, and the elimination of important characters or events. But the one true adversary of novel-based films is Hollywood fabrication. Producers, directors, and playwrights add or eliminate events and characters that might or might not pertain to the storyline for the sake of visual appeal, therefore defacing the author’s work. The above explanations have not paralyzed the countless attempts made by directors to bring the legendary Dracula to the big screen. Some cinematic reproductions of the novel have been more successful and critically acclaimed than others. According to Stuart, â€Å" From 1897 to 1993 there have been at least 600 vampire movies. Dracula has been portrayed on film at least 130 times† (Stuart 217). But three versions of the genre have emerged as the most d... ...James Craig. Dracula in the Dark: The Dracula Film Adaptations. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997. Skal, David J. The Monster Show: A Culture History of Horror. New York: W.W.Norton & Co., 1993. Silver, Alain, and James Ursini. The Vampire Film: From Nosferatu to Bram Stoker’s Dracula. New York: Limelight Editions, 1994. Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh. Novels into Films: The Encyclopedia of Movie Adapted from Books. New York: Checkmark Books, 1999. Filmography Browning, T. (Director), & Fort, G. (Screenplay). (1931). Dracula [Motion Picture]. United States: Universal Studios Murnau, F.W. (Director). (1922). Nosferatu: Eine Symphonie des Grauens [Motion Picture] Germany: Prana Films Coppola, Francis F. (Director), & Hart, James V. (Screenplay). (1992). Bram Stoker’s Dracula [Motion Picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures