Human Trafficking And Modern Day Slavery Essay - 1390 Words

Human Trafficking There is an ever growing problem that is coursing the world. Every day 3,287 people are sold or kidnapped, and are forced into slavery. (Human Trafficking Statistics Reports 2012) Most people do not realize that modern-day slavery happens closer to home than they think. 14,000-17,500 is the estimated number of people trafficked into the United States each year. (Human Trafficking Statistics Reports 2012) The government has tried to reduce this problem as well as everyday people. Most everyone knows of this issue, but do not know how to help prevent the situation from happening. â€Å"†Human trafficking† is the term used today for modern-day slavery.† (Hart 5) This modern-day slavery is something that needs to be stopped. With all of the many causes of human trafficking, it becomes difficult for government agencies to prevent the act of modern-day slavery. â€Å"During the 1990s, the United States began to take steps to address human trafficking at home and abroad.† (â€Å"Human Trafficking Agencies† 6) Along with government agencies, everyday people need to become more aware in order to stop the ever growing problem. Human trafficking happens because of the large profit brought in through the act and the difficulty of government agencies to identify cases. By increasing funding in training human trafficking prosecutors, law enforcement and judges the human trafficking business will be under greater risk, leading to the downfall of the human trafficking business. HumanShow MoreRelatedModern Day Slavery: Human Trafficking 866 Words   |  4 PagesBlood Borne Connections.) Human trafficking is the modern day slavery, it involves taking control over a person through force, fraud or coercion to exploit the victim for forced labor, sexual exploitation. or both (â€Å"What† par.1). This is become the sad reality for many, approximately three out of every 1,000 people worldwide are being forced into this such slavery. Victims of human trafficking are people of all backgrounds and ages, no one is safe from the dirty hands of human traffickers. Every yearRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1244 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking Around the world human trafficking happens around us without us noticing or realising what is happening. Modern-day slavery exists around the world and it is known today as human trafficking or trafficking in persons. So, what is human trafficking and why don t many people seek for help or go to athoughty ? Well human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Every year millionsRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Modern Day Slavery Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesfield of criminal justice, and is known as the modern day slavery. This paper will also discuss the globalization in human trafficking. The study examines the impact of economic globalization on the human trafficking inflows around the world. This paper will begin by providing the definition of what human trafficking and globalization is, and how it works within the context of law enforcement. The history of human trafficking and how human trafficking is effecting societies across the world. ThisRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1604 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Trafficking One of the most serious crimes worldwide, human trafficking is the buying, selling, and transportation of people for the use of sexual exploitation, forced labor, or organ removal. â€Å"Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act.† (What is human trafficking Homeland) It happens in the United States and foreign countries. Many people do not see it happening, but in fact it is happeningRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1531 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is modern day slavery that occurs with both genders of all ages. Human trafficking occurs mostly in poorer countries like Asia, and Eastern Europe and isn t solely sexual slavery; the victims can be used for labor purposes also. Organizations like Shared Hope International and Coalition Against Trafficking in Women fight to rescue the victims of human trafficking. These organizations spread the dangers of hum an trafficking through education and public awareness. Often times traffickingRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1228 Words   |  5 Pages Around the world human trafficking happens around us without us noticing or realising what is happening. Modern-day slavery exists around the world and it is known today as human trafficking or trafficking in persons. So, what is human trafficking and why don t many people seek for help or go to athoughty ? Well human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Every year millions of men and woman andRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Modern Day Slavery961 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish IV Nov. 23 2015 How to Stop Trafficking Women are not the only ones being sold today. Man are not the only ones selling humans today. All different kinds of humans are being sold in something called human trafficking. Human trafficking has become a problem worldwide and is effecting all people male, female, children, LGBT. There are many solutions, one of them is to educate the children at a younger age. Human trafficking is like a modern day slavery. The people being sold are forced inRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1732 Words   |  7 PagesHaley Gooding Mrs. Gallos English 3 Honors 6 April 2017 Human Trafficking One of the most serious crimes worldwide, human trafficking is the buying, selling, and transportation of people for the use of sexual exploitation, forced labor, or organ removal. â€Å"Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act.† (What is human trafficking Homeland) It happens in the United States and foreign countries. Many peopleRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1210 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking Imagine being able to own a business and make nothing but profit. One of the types of trafficking is Labor Trafficking, which helps keep prices cheaper by having cheap workers. If companies do not have people working in factories for very little then a lot of prices would go up crazy like on clothing and furniture. A lot of countries economy are built off sex trafficking which helps the economy significantly. The ongoing â€Å"phenomenon† of human trafficking is not a problemRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery Essay1389 Words   |  6 PagesPedraza Human Trafficking Human Trafficking Defined Human Trafficking is â€Å"modern day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act† as defined by the Department of Homeland Security. It is largely unrecognized although it is one of the fastest growing criminal industries. It traffics children, teenagers, and adults. Human Trafficking comes second to drug dealing. There is human trafficking for sexual exploitation, trafficking of organ

The Jewish Temple And The Origin Of Sat How Christians...

Elaine Pagels seeks to clarify ongoing questions with Christians and Satan and how Christians managed to create such a demonic figure in The Origin of Satan: How Christians Demonized Jews, Pagans, and Heretics. Pagels aims at taking a very complex subject and making her readers understand how Christianity developed along with Satan. Pagels gives several examples from many different time periods. This paper will aim at summarizing main points on how Satan was created. As well, how Christianity used Satan to demonetize Jews, Pagans and Heretics. Further, a brief opinion on if Christians had not developed Satan how would western history be different today. Satan continues to be one of the most recognized figures in today’s culture, considering out how this figure came to be is complex yet fascinating. Pagels describes the development of Satan throughout her book and how Christians used Satan to demonetize others. Pagels begins with the destruction of the Jewish Temple by the Romans in 70 CE. The Jewish war poisoned the relationship between Jews, â€Å"as the revolt spread to towns and cities, the Jewish population divided† (3). Those who were not following Jesus were then labeled as being Satanic and evil for having different views. Pagels describes Satan in earlier times when he was not looked at as a monstrous being but was one of God’s angels, the angel that had a job of â€Å"blocking or obstructing human activity† (39). In many eyes this angel would have been viewed as the evil

Report on Marketing and Strategies on Facebook

Question: (1)What marketing strategy or strategies has Facebook adopted since it was created? (2)What marketing options can you describe for Facebook if it wishes to remain a successfulorganisation throughout the next decade? Answer: Executive Summary Facebook is an Informal communication Site that was made in 2004. It was manufactured for College Understudies at Harvard in Cambridge, America. From that point forward Facebook has recorded as an Open Organization in 2012. With in excess of one billion login accounts, Facebook is one of the most noteworthy driving organizations on the planet. The fame of Facebook is developing immeasurably, however the system and arranging of the organization's future is being addressed. The Organization's promoting methodology and limited time arrangement chose by administration assume a huge part in actualizing the formative system Introduction The promoting systems and marketing strategy for success received by Facebook has made it very effective inside short compass of time span. Number of clients for the organization is expanding consistently, and this has made the organization to embrace and actualize compelling steps through which the business techniques can be actualized (Kirkpatrick, 2010). There are different systems that have been favored by the clients; however individuals still pick the customization choice of Facebook. The systems received by the organization have pulled in numerous customers, and the numbers are as yet expanding consistently. Business position of the organization in the United States is high, as contrasted with alternate districts. This is one of the reasons; the organization has been termed to be very fruitful when contrasted with the other existing system suppliers. Background to the Company Facebook was framed in the year 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg. From that point forward the organization has been putting forth better administrations than the customers. Consequently the administrations have been favored by numerous individuals from distinctive parts of the world. The administrations were permitted to be utilized for the individuals since 2006, and from that point forward have been continually drawing in individuals from distinctive parts of the world. Facebook is one of the rumored long range informal communication destinations that permit parts over the age gathering of 13 years to subscribe. Clients are permitted to make gatherings and utilization it for their regular investment (Waddingham, 2013). It is currently termed to be a standout amongst the most gone to sites on the planet, and has been positioned after Google. Marketing Analysis The Nature of Facebooks Marketing Strategy or Strategies since it began. The accomplishment of the organization has been helped the viable advertising methodology that was received by the administration. Marketing is a term that has been utilized for the rolling out improvements as a part of the authoritative peculiarities and includes actualizing successful technique for correspondence. In this process, a viable and workable framework for correspondence is received and the same is actualized for making quality for the customers. Each organization needs to make the client relationship in a compelling way, and for this the profits of the organization, stakeholders, and customers are examined (Zarrella Zarrella, 2011). This must be finished with an aim of approaching greatest number of customers at the most limited conceivable time span. The organization could approach greatest number of customers, because of the way that there were numerous customers that were thought to be imperative for the individuals. For this situation, the procedures that were embraced by the administration of Facebook for advancing the administrations were broke down. Along these lines, the progressions were actualized in the wake of breaking down the difficulties that was included currently execution of the advertising errand. For this the organization had received promoting blend, through which the items and administrations rendered by Facebook was elevated to the privilege gathering of individuals. In this technique, the organization proposed an arrangement wherein the special exercises were drafted and executed in the privilege way. Tailbones on people are an indication of a peculiarity that is not being utilized, and the same thing applies to Facebook. While the item supervisor reminded me that there are a great many inquiries done on Facebook every day, I elucidated that was regularly for discovering profiles and pages, and the odd outer pursuit characteristic they have. Facebook doesn't permit normal buyers to effortlessly seek the substance of their newsfeed, and that of their companions. On the off chance that you see something fascinating you can bookmark the page in your program, or contract a lavish brand observing organization at $100k+ a year, which obviously, no shopper will do. While I'm certain there are a mixed bag of applications that can winnow and arrange the information of your food and your companions, it ought to be a local peculiarity. Facebook is on track to being around a $4 billion dollar organization not long from now, with a Business Top of $61b yet that is still predominated contrasted with pursuit monster, Google. To place things in viewpoint, Google's income was about $38b for 2011, with a current business sector top of $231b and will most likely expand year to year. Facebook considering hunt devices to be utilized inside the system could rapidly upset this business, permitting shoppers, and brands to get extra esteem. The information Facebook is perched on can undoubtedly surpass the fleeting memory that the Twitter hunt instruments offers, with truncated substance. SO what could Facebook fabricate? They're perched on the world's biggest set of social information of individuals I really know and think about, not some removed celeb in Twitter or a well known picture taker in Google+, and could determine a device that would help me to pursuit my companions substance and even my earlier chronicles (Viardot, 2004). This social pursuit apparatus would likewise consume past their flow hunt instruments, I scanned for top restaurants, yet it returned pages, applications, and afterward at last posts of individuals I take after who had the rough word "restaurant" in it, it truly doesn't demonstrate sagacity. So what is so vital to stop and think about? Why do I say the Plan of action is "Splendid"? Facebook's plan of action crushed the customary assembling style we see with customer items, and rather manufactured a purchaser stage' that empowered numerous around them. Indeed, the Facebook plan of action is splendid for the accompanying reasons: Splendid on the grounds that the clients do the work In numerous organizations, employing paid or unpaid assistants is a wellspring of scale, or even off shoring work to creating locales. On account of Facebook, there are 900,000,000+ unpaid parts that are producing serious substance and quality to one another. Splendid on the grounds that the brands send the activity and infuse the income It's hard to believe, but its true, this couldn't have been carried out without brands. Truth is told, as one of the biggest fiscal streams for Facebook, they are spending dollars to achieve the business base within the Facebook experience (in spite of GM pulling promotions). Indeed, Altimeter examination shows 90% of corporate sites connection to their online networking records, indicating how 10+ years of hard earned movement spent on SEO and SEM with Google has now been moved to send that activity right to Facebook.com. It goes without saying the accomplice environment of Social networking Administration Framework has likewise helped and produced related incomes. Splendid in light of the fact that a little organization stayed deft In spite of incomes being $3.7b, their expense of products is just $860m. Facebook has distributed their representative base is an insignificant 3500+ workers at their past, a little unit contrasted with headcount of Google (33k representatives), Apple (60k), and Microsoft (90k). This lean and mean group had the capacity stay ravenous, centered, and creative to continually take off new gimmicks and items (both cherished and loathed) that caught the consideration of the world (Johnston and Others 2014, p. 657-665). Indeed huge programming endeavor organizations like Salesforce have demonstrated their product to copy the gimmicks within organization. Strategic Marketing Options for Facebook moving forward Due to increment in the level of rivalry and the kind of administrations that are accessible for the customers, the desires of the clients have massively expanded. This is one of the reasons, the organization needs to choose the best procedures through which the customers can be pulled in and held with Facebook. For this situation the prize framework can be embraced for pulling in the consideration of the customers. In this procedure, distinctive sorts of online networking special exercises must be embraced and executed by the organization (Ahuja and Others, 2014). One such change incorporates presenting web 2.0 through which greatest number of customers can be effectively connected by the organization. Facebook is the most obvious online networking stage, which the vast majority utilization. Separated from the way that we are utilizing it for visiting with our companions or imparting the things we cherish, for example, photographs, features, or even report records, some individuals particularly entrepreneurs use it as their number one wellspring of activity and deals and a spot for marking. Facebook has turned into one of the best drivers as far as changes and deals for the majority of my customers. See two samples below: Facebook advertising customer 1: This customer approached me to do full social networking marketing and administration for them. In spite of the fact that Facebook is not the stage that best provides for them the most movement, we've discovered that the social stage that best provides for them changes, for example, sign-ups and deals is Facebook. Facebook advertising customer 2: This customer approached me to do Facebook promoting just for their new image. Their objective is to expand deals, marking, and obviously taking after. Since they've contracted me to do Facebook advertising, it is essential to help them accomplish their objectives. For most business cases, before you can utilize Facebook to pick up deals and activity or to deliver changes, you ought to tell the individuals that your business exists on Facebook's stage. In this rundown, I will be with you for a visit about the best, captivating, and the best Facebook advertising methodologies for organizations that anybody can do. Along these lines, how about we begin shaking and rolling! Facebook advertising and whatever other online networking showcasing fight are much the same as a dating all things considered (Johnston and Others, 2014). We do it regulated until we manufacture the relationship we wished to have. There ought to be more Facebook future advertising thoughts or marking plans, which is discus n below. Power the Current Movement to Your Site Utilize Your Email Signature to Show Your Fan Page URL Convey an Email Impact Advance Facebook Page In-store Focus the Best Day to Post Make and Calendar Your Notices Utilize the Facebook Plugins Use Facebook Promotions Conceive brand new ideas and Make Facebook Challenge Utilize the "@ feature" in Facebook Create a Facebook Uncover Page Coordinate Social networking Imparting Captivate with Your Facebook Group Captivate with Other Facebook Pages Utilization Pictures and Features for Your Substance Upgrades Conclusion The advertising or marketing procedures have been embraced to enhance the remaining of the organization in the business. It is vital to receive a powerful methodology through which the special exercises can be drafted. For this situation, the method that has been received needs to be assessed and it needs to be broke down. This will help in drawing in more customers and holding them for a more drawn out time of time. The steps that need to be taken needs to be arranged and actualized in the privilege way, as the organization can then approach greatest number of customers. References Bhardwaj, P., Adhikari, R., Ahuja, V. (2014). An Analytical Study of the Facebook Content Management Strategies of Dominos India. International Journal Of Customer Relationship Marketing And Management, 5(1), 64-78. doi:10.4018/ijcrmm.2014010105 Cadogan, J. (2009). Marketing strategy. London: SAGE. Dunay, P., Krueger, R. (2010). Facebook marketing for dummies. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Harvell, B. (2012). Facebook. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons Inc. Howard, D., Mangold, W., Johnston, T. (2014). Managing your social campaign strategy using Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube Pinterest: An interview with Dana Howard, social media marketing manager. Business Horizons, 57(5), 657-665. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2014.05.001 Kirkpatrick, D. (2010). The Facebook effect. New York: Simon Schuster. Simon, C., Brexendorf, T., Fassnacht, M. (2013). Creating Online Brand Experience on Facebook. Marketing Review St. Gallen, 30(6), 50-59. doi:10.1365/s11621-013-0299-6 Viardot, E. (2004). Successful marketing strategy for high-tech firms. Boston: Artech House. Waddingham, J. (2013). The future of Facebook fundraising. Int. J. Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Mark., 18(3), 187-191. doi:10.1002/nvsm.1460 Zarrella, D., Zarrella, A. (2011). The Facebook marketing book. Beijing: O'Reilly.

Problem Statement free essay sample

When victims of cybercafà © seek aid from the courts, they expect to be compensated financially and that they would be treated with respect and that they will get help to resolve their problem (vision statement). The scale of supercritical activity represents a considerable challenge to law enforcement agencies and the total cost of cybercafà © to society is significant.A recent report suggests that victims lose around $290 billion each year worldwide as a result of cybercafà ©, making It more refutable than the global trade In marijuana, cocaine and heroin combined. This type of crime happens to everyone and It Is not set on Just one type of victim. There Is an estimate of about 20% of people that had to deal with this kind of crime. The Impact cybercafà © has on Its victims causes guilt, anger, cheated, helpless, and fearful or worried. All these emotions have made vellums not to trust anything or anyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Problem Statement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cybercafà © occurs at any point In time during a duration of opening a Bessie that people believe to be safe. Even large businesses have had problems with cyber activity and has cost a lot of money, which hurts no matter who the volt is. Cybercafà © occurs just about everywhere and the Internet is definitely a gateway for computers to be used as bait (issue statement). To better protect yourself from becoming a victim, computer forensics specialists are one of the best lines of defense.While one will always be careful searching the Internet, cyber attacks can be racked if it is detected early and brought to computer forensics specialists. By providing individuals with a software updates, having them install a firewall to defend the computer from problems, install anti-virus software and to update it regularly, and Just be careful what gets downloaded into the computer. Furthermore, lust be aware of emails from unknown senders, do not open an email that is not familiar (solution statement).

King of the seas essays

King of the seas essays From the many inventions that emerged from the American Civil War, the Ironclad, designed by Captain John Ericsson and Robert L. Stevens, has impacted the world by advancing naval warfare technology. It gave America more influence in Europe and put America ahead of Europe in naval matters. The impact and influence changed naval warfares forever by forcing wooden ships to become obsolete. The Ironclad was among the first technological and modern tools of war. Its impact on technology in navies can still be seen today in the designs and the construction of naval ships.(Mac Bride,1) It has impacted technology in the way ships are built. Because of the ironclads the ships that are used in wars today are much safer. They are stronger and easier to maneuver. The first ironclad to ironclad battle between the Merrimac and the Monitor was long and drawn out. Although neither one emerged victorious, the world began to see what a major improvement in warfare these ironclads were. A reporter from the Norfolk Day wrote: This work will create a revolution in naval warfare. Americas improvement has impacted naval history in a way that no other invention ever has! (Davis,135) Many times in United States history the major nations of the world, such as England, France and Germany, have ignored the United States in political matters but this invention and the ironclad to ironclad battle changed a large percentage of their attitudes toward the United States. It made America become feared and respected by large European nations and all the major nations looked at this invention with pure respect and awe. (Love,29) The invention of the ironclad has helped to push Amer...

Death Penalty for Juveniles

Death Penalty for Juveniles In 2005, he U.S. Supreme Court voted 5-4 to outlaw the death penalty for juveniles who were under the age of 18 at the time of the crimes, calling the execution of children unconstitutionally cruel. Pros Those who favor keeping the death penalty for juveniles make the following arguments: State legislatures should determine whether or not juveniles should be executed for capital crimes, not the courts.Juries should determine the culpability of juveniles on a case-by-case basis, on the nature of the crime and the maturity level of the individual juvenile.In a society, which is experiencing an increase in violence by juveniles, banning the death penalty would remove a much-needed deterrent.What other countries do concerning executing juveniles should not be relevant to the courts consideration of what the United States Constitution demands. Cons Those who oppose the  death penalty for juveniles  make these  arguments:​ Executing children is immoral and uncivilized.Scientific research shows that juveniles are underdeveloped and immature, particularly in the areas of the brain that dictate reason, impulse  control, and decision-making, and therefore should not be held culpable.A high percentage of juveniles on death row have suffered from mental abuse, physical abuse,  sexual abuse, drug addiction, abandonment and severe poverty.The execution of juveniles is expressly forbidden in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights,  the Geneva Convention  Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.With the exception of Somalia, the United States is the only country in the world that still executes juveniles.

Rusting Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Rusting Process - Essay Example This is due to the need of replacing corroded metal tools and structures to preserve functionality and safety (Roberge; Lancashire). The rusting process is a complex reaction involving various stages upon the contribution of different compounds and production of derivatives. Rusting is an electrochemical process that occurs in the presence of water or moisture and source of electrolyte. This process cannot proceed to any considerable extent if any of the said requirements is not present. When the metal is in the air, there should be more than 50% relative humidity while above 80% relative humidity results to severe rusting of bare metal (Lancashire 3). Above are the conditions that are conducive to corrosion of metals but the reason behind why metals or any other substance corrode in the first place need to be answered. Corrosion is an opportunity for metals to deteriorate. Metals like most substances need to undergo this process to be able to combine electrochemically with other substances in order to form new compounds. Many environmental conditions provide this opportunity and places with high moisture or relative humidity is one of these conditions, called rusting, although corrosion occurs when metal come into contact with various chemicals such as acids, bases, ammonia gas and other vapors and substances (Roberge). A model (Figure 1) illustrates the chemical process that occurs during rusting. The first stage of the process is called anodic reaction. During this stage, the metal dissolves by generating electrons as shown in the upper portion of the model. The second stage is called cathodic reaction, during which the electrons that were produced in the first stage are then consumed. These two stages of the rusting process can occur adjacently or far apart (Roberge). Figure 1. A schematic representation of the rusting process showing the generation and consumption of electrons (from Corrosion Doctors). There are six chemical reactions that occur during the rusting process. First is the oxidation of the iron (Fe) which has come into contact with moisture or water droplet. The second chemical reaction involves the formation of water from the absorption by dissolved oxygen of the electrons produced from the first reaction. The third chemical reaction includes the generation of hydrogen gas through the consumption of electrons by hydrogen ions. The fourth chemical reaction is the production of the insoluble iron or rust through the reaction of hyrdroxide ions with ferric ions. Another reaction involves the production of rust from the combination of hydrogen ions and oxygen with iron ions. And another chemical process includes the formation of rust through the formation of iron hydroxides with the interaction between hydroxide irons with iron ions (Tarr). The first chemical reaction is illustrated by the following process (Fig. 2). This chemical reaction occurs when water moisture comes into contact with a metal surface. The solid iron or Fe(s) oxidizes in the presence of water to produce aqueous iron or Fe2+(aq), producing two free electrons (Baldragon Academy). Figure 2. Oxidation of iron. The second reaction is the formation of water through consumption of electrons by hydrogen ions and dissolved oxygen as shown by Figure 3. Four electrons (e) are absorbed by four hydrogen

A study of factors which influence student's career choice after Dissertation

A study of factors which influence student's career choice after graduating from a master's degree - Dissertation Example ethnicity and gender (H1), monetary benefits (H2), personal interests (H3), and family influences (H4). The findings of the research depicts that these attributes positively relate to the career choices of graduates, but the impact created by the factors differ in terms of significance. That is, ethnicity and gender along with the family influences tend to be insignificant in influencing the career choices of the graduates directly or strongly. On the other hand, monetary benefits and personal interests are termed to be quite significant in influencing the career choices of graduates. ... 4 Scope of the Research 55 References 56 Bibliography 62 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background The study is based on the identification of factors which tend to influence the career choices of graduates in determining their future objectives. Several studies have been conducted based on a similar issue. The evidences reveal various kinds of factors that strongly influences the career objectives determined by graduate students. The factors are identified to relate to the socio-demographic and socio-economic factors. The career objectives have also been recognised to be influenced by the cultural prospects which relates to the ethnicity of the students (Perrone & Et. Al., 2001). For instance, a student belonging to the African-American ethnic background is likely to posses differing perception with that of an Asian-American which in turn influences his/her career objectives. The determination of the career goals can also be influenced by the sexual characteristics of a student. Other than these factors, the monetary issues and the parental influences are also noted to be significant factors that influence the career objectives of graduate students (Wong & Liu, 2009). Based on these evidences and the problem statement that career objectives determined by graduate students depend upon various attributes, the discussion of the paper will be intended to analyse and evaluate these factors. The paper will further intend to recognise the most crucial factors and conclude on the career management aspect of human resource management. 1.2 Research Objectives With due consideration to the findings of the early researches, it is quite apparent that the influencing factors of career objectives among the graduates relate to various attributes. The studies further reveal that the

Problem Solving. Younger Sibling Problems Essay Example for Free

Problem Solving. Younger Sibling Problems Essay Younger siblings can be a problem that will lead to a bigger problem, your parents being angry at you for never being home. My younger brothers, CJ and Colin, are obnoxious and very annoying. CJ is six years younger than me and Colin is eight years younger than me. You wouldn’t think that they would be a problem to me since there is such an age difference between us, but they are. Since my brothers annoy me I am rarely home; my parents get angry with me for it, but there is not much I can do when both of my brothers get on my nerves; most of the time they do it at the same time. A big problem for me is that my brothers annoy me so much that I have to leave and go somewhere that does not involve my brothers, which causes my parents to be mad at me. CJ, the older brother, is so mouthy. He always has something to say to me when I try talk to him; most of the time it is not nice, it is usually something rude. It seems like he was raised not to be respectful, but he wasn’t raised that way. For example, one day I asked him nicely to grab my cellphone and his reply was â€Å"why don’t you get up and get it yourself, both of your legs work, right?† I do not know why he acts the way he does, but it gets on my nerves. CJ and I always argue about everything. For instance, when I am in the living room watching TV he will try to play the Xbox, but I tell him that he can wait after the show is over, so he decides to tell our mother then has a fit about it. If he doesn’t get what he wants he gets furious and starts to have little fits; sometimes the fits are out of control. Also, he always talks back to our mother; that is the most annoying thing to me. When he talks back to our mother it makes me irate. I usually want to leave whenever he gets that way, but sometimes I do not have anywhere to go. When I leave I go to my friend’s house or I will go to the store such as Wal-Mart, the Dollar Store, or just somewhere that I can get away from him when he acts that way. Colin, the younger brother, is too hyper active for me. He is always jumping off the walls. It is like he cannot sit still. When he acts like that I just want to leave and go somewhere peaceful. I cannot go in my room because I can hear him in there too. The only time it is quiet at my house is when he is at his friends, watching TV, playing the Xbox, playing on the computer, or sleeping. When I ask him to stop nicely he does it again just to get on my nerves. I know he  does it on purpose because when he does it he laughs about it; nothing makes me angrier than that. If he has a friend over I cannot be home because when he and his friends are together they act like they are insane. For example, around Fourth of July his friend Preston was at our house and he lit fireworks off inside our house when my mother was sleeping; she was upstairs sleeping and they were downstairs in our living room, so she could not hear them. I was not home at the time and neither was my father. She found out the next morning and was furious with them. You would think that my brother Colin would have told him not to do it, but he was right along with Preston. There was burn marks in our white carpet. There was no reason for him to act like that with his friends. He should be more responsible whenever situations like that happen. Colin is too hyper active for me to handle, so when he acts up I cannot stand being around him; I usually leave whenever he acts like that. Solving a problem that involves emotions is difficult. I could solve the problem by trying to avoid the situations and ignoring my younger brothers. When CJ begins to say rude comments to me I could leave the room instead of leaving the house so my parents do not get angry at me for never being home. I could remove myself from the situation; maybe whenever Colin starts to act up I could go outside or do something I enjoy such as reading or listening to music. When I listen to music it calms my nerves down. If I do that then I would not leave my house as much as I usually do. If I remove myself from the situation by doing something that relaxes me could solve the problem an efficient and effective way my parents would not be as frustrated with me. I would be home a lot more than I usually am and that would cause my parents to be very happy with me, especially if I am home more to help my mother clean the house or help her with whatever she needs help with. In brief, younger siblings can be a problem that can lead to another problem that involves your parents. My brothers, CJ and Colin are both very annoying to me and that causes me to leave my house; when I leave my house my parents get angry at me because I am never home. CJ always talks back to everyone in my house and that irri tates me. When he does that I get annoyed and I go somewhere that doesn’t involve him. I try to leave the house and go wherever I can get away from the annoyance of my brothers. Colin is an extremely hyper child; he is always jumping up and down. When he does that it really gets on my nerves  and I leave the house whenever he acts like that; I cannot handle it sometimes. I like to go to a place where I can have peace. To solve these problems I can calm myself down by doing something I enjoy like reading or listening to music. It would be effective if I removed myself from the situations my brothers cause. If I remove myself from the situations instead of leaving all the time my parents would not be as frustrated with me. It would be a win-win situation; I would not be as annoyed with my brothers and my parents would not be as frustrated with me for leaving the house. I would be home more often and could help my mother more around the house. In conclusion, to avoid my parents being angry with me I could do something that calms me down instead of leaving the house beca use my brothers annoy me.

Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Red Badge of Courage takes place during the Civil war and begins with a soldier named Jim Conklin returning back to his regiment to inform them that they might go into battle any day now. The main character of the story Henry Fleming who was recently recruited in the 304th regiment begins to worry about how brave he really is since he has never really been in battle before. The main reason he joined the army was for the honor and glory that came after the battle but he never really analyzed what it took to gain all the glory and honor that he wanted to obtain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The regiment marches for several days until they are finally faced with a real engagement by the enemy ( confederate soldiers). Henry is surrounded by his fellow union soldiers, so he begins to fire his gun as the other members of the regiments but ultimately he scared in the midst of battle. Eventually the union soldiers prevail over the confederate soldiers as the victors and begin to congratulate one another, shortly after Henry decides to take a nap. Henry is awaken by the sound of the confederate soldiers attacking his regiment and fear ceases him and causes him to run away from the battle. While walking across the fields Henry tries to reason with himself and convince himself that there was no way that his regiment could have won so he was right to run away and save himself, because staying would have been like committing suicide. After a while Henry encounters a commander talking to a general and overhears that his regiment was able to hold back the confed erate charge. This comment further depresses Henry but he still tries to console himself by holding on to the belief that all he did was preserve himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shortly following that event Henry came across a group of wounded soldiers and decided to sneak into their line as an injured. He comes in contact with a proud soldier who talks about the courage of the soldiers in the army despite the injuries that he received which includes a bloody head and a broken arm. The wounded soldier goes on to ask Henry what kind of injuries has he acquired in battle; Henry frightened by the question hurries away toward the from of the line. Surprisingly Henry finds Jim Conklin in the line badly injured from the first battle that he endured.

Developing Orientation Program

Med-Veal handles all administrative functions from the time of the referral until the medical report is delivered to the requesting party. Their goal is to focus on providing excellent customer support while providing high level services to clients all over the country. It is a relatively small company, employing fewer than one hundred employees, many Of which are located at the corporate site in Sterling, Virginia. Med-Veal provides an innovative solution to insurance providers by providing medical examiners that are board certified in their specialties and specialties.All physicians that are contracted with Med-Veal are qualified and free from sanctions or judgments that could compromise their credibility on medical reports. They also provide these services through the united States, so they can be relied upon to locate a qualified provider virtually anywhere. Lastly they provide discounted diagnostic service for Worker's compensation insurance providers, again with facilities avai lable all over the country. The corporate human resources team recently conducted a thorough needs assessment in April of 201 3, and found many positive happenings and orgasm already in place in the company.There were however, several issues that they found during this process that needed to be addressed if they wanted to find contain due success in the industry. One major concern that corporate human resources and management felt needed to be addressed immediately was the high turnover rates within the company. The assessment also showed low employee satisfaction, and much of the staff expressed concern with the fact that was no orientation or onboard program in place, and they were often left to learn the job on their own.There was no formal orientation, with employees spending about 30 minutes with one of the human resource managers to discuss benefits and fill out paperwork, and then about a day being trained by fellow employees on how the computer systems work, and how to sched ule patients for various studies or evaluations. Human Resource Development Intervention Once the needs assessment had been completed, human resources determined that changes needed to be put into place in order to improve employee satisfaction levels, to reduce turnover rates, and to employ a more denaturized onboard and orientation process.If was felt that much of the emphasis should be placed on developing an onboard process and training program, and in doing so it was felt that the turnover rates would drop and the satisfaction rates would rise. Therefore an action plan was implemented in order to create an onboard an orientation program. According to author Patricia Duration (2007), there are three key elements of a successful onboard program. These include a clearly identified process, having the support of managers and other organizational leaders, and aging sure there is timely follow up at the close of the orientation class.Because there was no formal onboard program or ori entation program in place, it was quickly realized that these were all areas that required improvement. There was no traditional onboard process. Employees were brought in, and immediately put to work with very little training. The expectation was that they would learn about the values of the company as they worked. Training was limited and provided on the job. This complaint was felt amongst many of the employees, especially those that were in the independent medical evaluation group which requires being very detail oriented, and able to handle many tasks quickly and effectively.There was no clearly defined program to bring new employees up to speed and train them properly on their respective positions. As the human resources team evaluated these events, they realized that the first step was to come up with the objectives of what they want their new onboard and orientation process to accomplish. This starts with creating a proper training program for new hires. Instructional Design Plan In order to address this problem effectively and create an effective unbarring and orientation program it is important to assess what measures need to be taken.It is imperative that human resources has a broad understanding of the learning style of the participants in order to create the proper objectives for the instruction. In this case, what is needed is a plan to create a more comprehensive onboard and orientation. The objective here would be to create an onboard that answers all questions that new employees might have, to make sure that employees are properly oriented to the company and their position, and that training rules are in place so that employees do not feel that they have been placed in a sink or swim situation.Learning Objectives By completing the instructional design plan, and combining that with the results of the needs assessment, as well as feedback from surveys given to management and employees, it is possible for the Human Resources team to be able to de termine what objectives are important for them to meet in order for new orientation classes and onboard sessions to be successful. In this case the first training session will need to focus on the importance of the onboard program.In this particular case, this session needs to involve a ore detailed overview of the company structure, as this will assist new employees in better understanding the inner workings of the company, and know the proper protocol to follow when questions arise. Objective number two relates to the fact that this is a very specific type of work environment, because you are dealing with workers compensation, and the specific rules and regulations that each state has.It is understood that many of the new hires do not have specific training in workers compensation programs, and that significant time will need to be spent explaining workers compensation ales and regulations, and how they differ from state to State. The third major objective that needs to be address ed in this program is customer service and the importance of provident excellent service to the customer. New employees need to be trained on how to handle various issues when they arise, while keeping the customer informed of the situation at all times.New staff needs to have an onboard and orientation process of at least two weeks. The first week in the onboard sessions, learning about company culture, and having in-services on customer service. In the second week of employment the new employee should be assigned to a senior team member whom they can shadow and be properly trained in their position. Lesson Plan According to Werner and Decision (201 2), an effective lesson plan lays out the step by step agenda of the training process.In the case of Med-Veal, this lesson plan is being established for a new employee onboard and orientation class. Onboard and orientation are to take place at corporate headquarters in Sterling, Virginia, and this will not change. Or in the case of SST. Choir Hospice, the plan for the new employee orientation class. As previously mentioned the first week will be the onboard process, where they will learn company culture, meet various staff members including members of human resources, management and payroll.A sample lesson plan would be as follows: Med – Veal On – Boarding Day 1 Objective: To Introduce new employees to Med – Veal. To inform them of the corporate culture, history and mission of Med -? Veal. Preparation Required: 1. Physical Environment – This course will be taken in the main conference room. All participants will meet there. 2. Equipment and Materials -? Materials ill be provided by Med – Veal. They will include paper and pen for note taking. Employee handbook will be provided during this session. We will require a laptop and projector set up, to be provided by IT. 3.Instructor 4. Participants -? DB – New Hires to Med -? Veal: Onboard class to be the First Monday of each mo nth as necessary to accommodate new employees. Day 1 9:00 -? 9:30 – Introduction and ice breaker. Have new employees get to know 5 facts about their new coworkers, and share these with the rest of the group. 9:30 – 10:30 Introduction to Med – Veal. This session will include history of Med – Veal, and discussion of the company mission. Also discuss code of ethics. 10:30 – 12:00- Meeting with HER staff. Discussion of benefits, and services offered to Med-Veal employees. 2:00 – 1:00 – Break for Lunch 1 -? 2:30 – Introduction to MIME department. Discuss the purpose of MIME. Overview of breakdowns within the department and the differences that can be found from state to state. Discuss the differences between a deposition, an MIME and a DAME. This section with be covered by Shannon Checker – MIME Manager 2:30-3:30 – Introduction to CICS and Diagnostic Department – Discuss duties of this department. Explain differ ences between CICS and MIME departments. Discuss where the referrals come from. Explain the process of getting referrals, and provide overview of procedures.This section will be covered by Lindsey Jensen -? CICS Manager 3:30 – 3:45 -? Break 3:45 – 4:30 – Introduction to CSS department. Discuss how this department provides support to MIME department. Provide overview of job duties and responsibilities. This section will be covered by Even Wagner -? CSS Manager 4:30 – 5:00 – Review of material covered in day one. Answer any outstanding questions. Provide overview of onboard session for day 2. Instructional Methods The instructional methods for this program will be handled in an lecture setting, using instructor led live programs.There will be discussion Of corporate culture, set in a question and answer forum. With the use of audio visual devices they will be able to provide the necessary information to the new hires. There will also be industry spec ific material presented, as worker's compensation has very specific rules that need to be adhered to. There will be a question and answer period at the end of each session, and then there ill also be testing will be given at the end of each day to determine what the new employees have learned, and what they are retaining.Instructors can then determine based on the testing results where and if any additional training needs to be provided to the individual new hires to ensure that they are retaining the necessary material. These training sessions will be provided during working hours which are from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Monday through Friday. They will break for a one hour lunch daily. Once the first week of onboard has been completed the employee will then move on to the second week of the orientation process which will be done in a one on one setting with senior team members.This on the job training will allow new employees to sit with various senior team members to be trained in multi ple aspects of the position, and also for them to see that they have several different resources available to them. This will provide additional support to the new employees not just from management, but also from senior team members who have the experience. By doing this new hires should feel more secure in their job before they begin, and should ultimately reduce the mount of turnover that Med-Veal is facing.

A Research Paper Shoplifting and Senior Citizens Essay

Background and Overview Shoplifting commonly occurs when an item is taken away from a retail or merchandise store by a visitor without the intent of paying for it. The offence under the Criminal Justice System falls under larceny/ theft and is punishable with various degrees of severity that can also include imprisonment for short terms. Shoplifting has always been seen as a serious social problem affecting mostly all grades of society and does not differentiate between sexes, age, income groups, race or cultures. As such because of the universality of the phenomenon it is sometimes associated with Kleptomania, a mental disorder which â€Å"involves a failure to resist impulses to steal items that are not needed or sought for personal use or monetary value†. However, in most cases shoplifting is deliberate, pre-planned and committed for monetary gain and is very different from Kleptomania. Shoplifting occurs among all age groups and becomes an extremely sensitive issue when it involves senior citizens, elderly people who are above sixty. The issue of elderly shoplifting is assuming graver proportions all over the world as birth rates decline and longevity increases. It is open to debate and research whether elderly shoplifting is increasing only because people with criminal tendencies are becoming older or whether other social issues contribute towards this phenomenon. This phenomenon is not restricted to the United States or Europe. Even in Japan, the number of elderly inmates in prisons is increasing and a significant proportion of the convictions are due to shoplifting.   The researcher developed an interest in the subject from reading a number of magazine and journal articles in the widely read popular press. Articles in the media take up the shoplifting issue mainly from the point of sensationalism and concentrate on the human interest angle, focusing on greed, act, retribution and shame. A growing interest in the subject led the researcher to read a few books on the subject and to the decision to study the social problem. Within the broad ambit of the issue, which of course has an extensive canvas, there was the need to develop a specific focus. A more detailed socio-cultural investigation drew the attention of the researcher to the problem of elderly shoplifters and the decision to investigate the reasons which could lead them to commit these petty criminal acts. Definition of Problem While the increase in shoplifting amongst elderly citizens is recognised as a matter of considerable concern very little investigative work has been conducted until now on the reason behind the phenomenon and the various corrective steps that may need to be taken to remedy the situation. A significant amount of research has been conducted on Kleptomania because of its classification as a mental disorder and there are determined treatments by way of medication and counselling to treat the patient. A number of articles have appeared in magazines and journals with regard to the seriousness of the problem. Some of these articles are written from a sociological angle but most treat the issue with salaciousness, especially if celebrities are involved. While the social science literature is rather modest, considerable public attention has been devoted to shoplifting. Articles on shoplifting appear regularly in mass media magazines and newspapers (e.g., Tooley, 1989; Tsiantar, 1989). They frequently highlight the seriousness of the problem, famous personalities apprehended for shoplifting (e.g., beauty queens, politicians, and other celebrities), or interesting types of shoplifters (e.g., middle-class housewives or the elderly). Moralistic themes are often developed, showing how lives have been traumatized by the embarrassment of a shoplifting arrest (Klemke, 1992, p. 3) While literature is available on the subject, very little research work has been carried out into shoplifting, per se, leave alone elderly shoplifting, and a number of questions still need to be answered on its causes as well as its effects. The problem of elderly shoplifting has not been investigated at length and in depth and is for social scientists and the criminal justice system a dilemma that needs to be tackled. Research Questions The researcher thus, will focus, during the Literature Review and the conduct of the assignment on obtaining answers to the following research questions. Are shoplifting acts caused by Kleptomania or any other mental disorders? What could be the different reasons behind the commitment of a shoplifting crime? Should shoplifting be treated on par with larceny and theft by the criminal justice system? How much is the involvement of elderly citizens in shoplifting episodes? Should elderly citizens be treated in a manner similar to younger age groups by the criminal justice system? What can be done to reduce the incidence of shoplifting by the social and legal system? The research assignment proposes to focus on the listed questions and through a structured and determined research methodologies arrive at findings that will lend themselves to analysis and conclusions. Purpose of Study Shoplifting is a serious social problem which appears to be increasing and, apart from being simple acts of minor crime, could be symptomatic of different social problems. The increasing incidence of elderly citizens involving themselves in shoplifting makes it an even more grim issue for study and adoption of corrective measures. The researcher hopes that the study will be able to investigate the issue in depth and come to findings and conclusions that will throw light on the basic reasons behind elderly shoplifting and thus succeed in illuminating the issue and possibly in being able to provide an original and interesting perspective to one of today’s extremely vexing and contentious dilemmas. At the cost of appearing presumptuous some of the solutions recommended may be worthy of implementation at the social level or be taken up for consideration by the criminal justice system. Research Methodology Data Analysis Methods This research assignment attempts to investigate the issues laid out in the section on Research Questions (in Page 5 of this proposal), namely the reasons behind the increase in episodes of shoplifting and possible solutions that will help to resolve this vexing social problem. The issue at hand deals with an increasingly traumatic global problem that today affects the societies of developed countries and could tomorrow, spread to the rest of the world. The appropriate research methodology for the purpose of this assignment needs to take care of the facts discussed until now and be tailored accordingly. An article on â€Å"Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Social Marketing Research† by Nedra Kline Weinrich, first published in 1996 details a methodology, wherein a balanced and well thought out mix of quantitative and qualitative research techniques could well be the most appropriate methodology for conducting this assignment   In the subject assignment the researcher feels that rigorous quantitative research surveys may not necessarily provide all of the data needed for proper analysis. An examination of the quantitative and qualitative paradigms will help to identify their strengths and weaknesses and how their divergent approaches can complement each other. In most cases, researchers fall into one of the two camps, either relying exclusively upon â€Å"objective† survey questionnaires and statistical analyses and eschewing warm and fuzzy qualitative methods, or using only qualitative methodologies, rejecting the quantitative approach as decontextualizing human behavior. However, it is widely accepted that each approach has positive attributes and that combining different methods, if handled properly, can result in the best of both techniques. (Weinrich, 1996) Research techniques used for quantitative analysis aim to achieve objective results and eschew subjective interpretation. The respondents are generally selected through random sampling in a statistical manner aimed at achieving a response from the selected sample, which will be representative of the total population. The research methodology pays much greater stress on the technique used and the basic premise on which the technique rests assumes that the quality of the researcher is independent of the results, his or her function being restricted to the following of guidelines. Weinrich postulates that while this technique is effective in a number of cases and is widely used, it suffers from an inherent danger of missing the finer nuances of an investigation and frequently leads to misleading results that are not supported by the future behaviour of the investigated population. As such, while this mode of research may be statistically sound, it could also be the reason behind the oft-quoted truth â€Å"lies, damned lies and statistics† Qualitative research methods are vastly different and concentrate on working with smaller groups known as focus groups. These focus groups are selected with great care but later subjected to intensive questioning and interviewing by trained researchers who are very well versed in qualitative techniques. It is the job of these researchers to ensure that their respondents are able to provide them with subjective and interpretative data, which would have never come out with quantitative techniques. The information tends to be much more detailed, full of nuances and give the investigation a holistic result, which is invaluable in assessing outcomes. A number of researchers believe that qualitative and quantitative researches are but two sides of the same coin and members of the same continuum. Qualitative research methodologies are designed to provide the researcher with the perspective of target audience members through immersion in a culture or situation and direct interaction with the people under study. Qualitative methods include observations, in-depth interviews and focus groups. These methods are designed to help researchers understand the complexity of social and organizational phenomena and elucidate mental processes underlying behaviors. Hypotheses are generated during data collection and analysis, and measurements tend to be subjective. In the qualitative paradigm, the researcher becomes the instrument of data collection, and results may vary greatly depending upon who conducts the research. There are however some techniques wherein it is possible to integrate qualitative and quantitative methods in research.   In the first approach, qualitative methods contribute to the development of quantitative instruments, such as the use of focus groups in questionnaire construction. The second model consists of a primarily quantitative study that uses qualitative results to help interpret or explain the quantitative findings. In the third approach, quantitative results help interpret predominantly qualitative findings, as when focus group participants are asked to fill out survey questionnaires at the session. In the fourth model, the two methodologies are used equally, in parallel to cross-validate, and build upon each other’s results. †¦ may operate under one or more of these models; the approaches are not mutually exclusive. (Weinreich, 1996) Choice of Information Source The choice of material to be used for the research assignment also needs decision and quantification. In this case, the researcher proposes to use both primary and secondary sources of information for compilation of data. Primary sources used will be derived from the information available publicly and information gathered by the researcher. Public material includes governmental notifications, texts of legal acts and statutes and original company websites of organizations providing tourism services.   The researcher has also depended on questionnaires from respondents chosen from within the contact resource base of the researcher. Secondary sources will include information available from texts, journals and magazines as well as information available on the internet. Population and Sampling The research methodology will focus on an investigative study of the data sources proposed to be researched as well as the texts intended for review in the Literature Review. The literature has been chosen with care and will be studied extensively. The researcher has explained the reasons behind the choice of techniques, a carefully thought out mix of quantitative and qualitative techniques and the choice of source of information, in this case both primary and secondary. In addition to all the secondary sources listed in the references and bibliography it is proposed to conduct a detailed survey of persons whose occupations put them in close contact with elderly shop lifters. It is proposed to restrict the primary research to policemen and departmental store security personnel, people who are generally the first to come in contact with elderly shoplifters after they are apprehended and who are the first to study their reactions. The researcher wished to investigate shoplifters directly but feels that it will be an extremely difficult task to locate and   obtain primary information from them. It is with regret that this route of investigation is not being considered in the course of this research study. The respondents will be chosen with the help pf the local police department and with the help of three major departmental stores. Structured questionnaires, detailed in Appendix A will be sent to ten policemen with experience of shoplifting episodes and to ten members of the internal security departments of three major departmental stores. It is anticipated that full twenty responses will be obtained as the researcher proposes to approach the respondents through senior officers of the police force and through the managements of department stores. The senior officers of the police force and store managers will be approached with letters of accreditation from the university authorities and the researcher is sure of receiving their cooperation, once the reasons for the research are explained to them. Data Collection Methods The purpose of research and material available from secondary sources has been used as the base for developing the questionnaire. The questions have been prepared on the multiple choice format asking the respondent to choose the most suitable answer from a set of responses. This will enable the researcher to obtain the categorical response of a â€Å"closed end† question yet allow the respondent a choice. The questionnaires will be sent by e mail to the respondents with detailed instructions on completing the questionnaires. All respondents will be assured of total privacy and questionnaires will be numbered numerically and not by name of respondent. All completed questionnaires will first be tabulated on excel spreadsheets and subsequently presented in a simple table format. Once the tabulation is completed and checked thoroughly the spreadsheets will be erased to have only one representation of primary data. Literature Review It is used to make substantial use of secondary material in the form of texts, journals and magazine articles as well as internet sources for purposes of data availability, analysis and investigation. Online libraries like Questia and other databases are already being used liberally and their extensive use in future during the course of the research is envisaged.. All sources used, cited in text or not have been arranged in the bibliography. The researcher prefers to take up topics for discussion sequentially and use inputs from a number of sources rather than deal with the sources and their authors separately for the sake of logical progression of ideas and cohesion of thought. The researcher has practically no first hand experience of shoplifting, no personal acquaintance with shoplifters and no close firsthand experience of shoplifting episodes. The interest in shoplifting was first generated by the books â€Å"The Sociology of Shoplifting: Boosters and Snitches† by Lloyd Klemke and â€Å"When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store† by Elaine S. Abelson. Both of these books are extremely informative try to look at the problem in totality. Abelson makes the point that shoplifting is not a contemporary phenomenon but has existed from the time huge stores started opening in the USA. Shoplifting was a regular phenomenon and when indulged in by women from the upper classes were defined as a mental disorder with many physicians taking up the case of kleptomaniacs. In fact the word â€Å"klepto† became a much used expression to describe people with the knack for picking up small items from here and there. The shops slowly became larger and larger providing temptation on a never before scale and gave rise to a social problem that would remain and increase through the years.   the excitement, the sensory stimulation, the profusion of goods, the crowds, the unnerving, often illusory, ambience that the large department stores still evoke. As the great bazaars became both magnet and danger to numbers of middleclass women, the shoplifter emerged as a significant social and medical problem. (Abelson, 1992, p. 5) Over time the image of kleptomania as a specific female disease weakened with the emergence of Freudian thought but the association continued for many years. It is only in recent years, however, that the connection of shoplifting and women has been eradicated completely. with the emergence of a new scientific language, the terms of debate changed. The biological image of a specifically female disease gave way to Freudian psychiatry. In this new language, as in the old, women still provided the model of the shoplifter as patient; even though men as well as women, adolescents as well as the elderly, made up the army of casual shoplifters. Only in recent decades has the singular association of shoplifting and women weakened. (Abelson, 1992, p. 197) On another tack, the books proposed to be studied in the literature review have tried to categorize deviant behavior into different categories. Mary Owen Cameron (1964) attempted to classify shoplifters using the patois of her time into boosters and snitchers. These are the â€Å"boosters,† who are professional shoplifters, and the â€Å"snitches,† who are amateur shoplifters. The most important difference is that boosters steal merchandise to sell, whereas snitches steal merchandise for their own use. Boosters are further divided into â€Å"heels,† who specialize in shoplifting, and â€Å"ordinary† boosters, who engage in shoplifting as just one of their many forms of illicit activity. The latter are frequently involved in prostitution, narcotics addiction, and alcoholism, and they shoplift to support their habits. (Klemke, 1992, p. 70) Apart from tracing the causes and reasons for shoplifting, the breadth of this investigation makes it necessary to obtain information about elderly shoplifters. There is very little information available on elderly shoplifters in the detailed texts available and most such information needs to be accessed from contemporary articles in magazines and journals, some of which are available on the internet. There is common consensus in the fact that shoplifting among the elderly has been growing for more than a decade and has become a serious matter of concern. The reasons for shoplifting appear to vary from depression to real need to simple momentary greed. Several studies have found diagnosed depression to exist in approximately 1/3 of the shoplifters studied. Depression was the most frequently found physiological problem. This helps to explain why so many shoplifters steal from stores on their birthday and around holiday times. (Berlin, 2006) The other point of concern is the fact that the number of first offences is also growing and more and more of the elderly are giving in to the temptation of pilfering items from departmental stores for the first time in their lives. Psychiatrists believe that, as most elderly shoplifters do not indulge in this sort of petty crime because of financial need the phenomenon may be indicative of psychiatric disorders and should be dealt with accordingly. There is also the theory that changing social conditions and difficulties in coping with increased expenses in old age leads some people to take up small crimes like shoplifting. The elderly are not only victims of crime, they are also perpetrators, particularly in the crime of shoplifting. The loss of income at retirement and the social isolation of the elderly are contributing factors in their involvement in theft. The raising of the compulsory retirement age and preretirement counselling could do much to relieve the elderly’s sense of desperation that often leads to crime. Public services that inform the elderly about crime prevention measures and provide victim services could do much to relieve the debilitating consequences of crime against the elderly. The elderly themselves could organize to attack their common problems. One activity they might undertake is ‘court watching,’ which involves monitoring how the elderly are treated by the courts as both victims and offenders. (Moak, Zimmer, Elliot, 1988) The researcher will study the literature available from a number of angles, chiefly the historical development of shoplifting, the increase in elderly involvement, the chief reasons for shoplifting, psychiatric responses to the issue, the role of counselling, the provisions of the criminal justice system and common punitive action. The bibliography contains a listing of a number of texts to be used for the literature review. This list is by no means exhaustive and additional books will certainly be used if they are relevant and become available. Analysis The researcher proposes tu use data from primary and secondary sources to arrive at findings for analysis and conclusions. Primary data, apart from questionnaires from respondents in the police force and security departments of departmental sources will be obtained from various legal and governmental websites. Secondary data, as stated earlier will be obtained from the various texts studied for the literature review. Once the data has been collected and collated in an Excel spreadsheet it will be analysed for responses and the data from all the questionnaires will be merged into tabulated formats that will give composite pictures of the responses from the primary population sample. Tabulations will need to be done separately for the responses from the policemen and the store security personnel to see the differences in the perceptions of these two different groups. It is important to understand that the analysis will need to be done with reference to the Research Questions. The responses from the secondary data and the primary data will need to be related to each Research Question separately and it will need to be assessed whether there are any contradictions between the secondary data, the different primary data sources and the Research Question. Responses in which all sources corroborate each other will obviously be considered to be strong and categorical and will need to be treated as such. A detailed analysis of the data will lead to findings that will determine the outcome of this research. Constraints Constraints, if any could arise in the collection of primary data. Respondents may not return the filled questionnaires or may fill them incorrectly. The researcher proposes to pay great attention to the complete procedure for collection of primary data and will meke sincere efforts to overcome problems and roadblocks, if and when they arise. Appendices Framing of Questionnaire The Questionnaire will be framed in a variation of a multiple choice format, where each question could have a direct response or 3 to 5 choices. In case of MCQs the respondent will need to specify one particular answer so that the best possible choice is forced out of him/her. A sample questionnaire is provided here below. This questionnaire is still open to revision and incorporation of fresh details, if so required. Apart from the questions the questionnaire will also have other administrative details which have been omitted in the preparation of this first sample. How many episodes of shoplifting have you been witness to? A. Less than 5, B. Between 5 and 10, C More than 10 In these episodes of shoplifting what were the numbers of A. Men B.Women C. Juveniles (Less than 18) D. Adults (18 to 60) E. Seniors (>60) In how many of these episodes were charges pressed in court? In how many of the cases were convictions obtained? Is the incidence of shoplifting growing? Yes/No In your perception are more elders indulging in shoplifting? Yes/No What is the most important reason for shoplifting? A. Financial Need B. Impulse Are episodes of shoplifting premeditated or impulsive† A. Premeditated B. Impulsive In your experience, do you feel that people involved in shoplifting come from poorer economic strata? Yes/No In your experience do you feel that people involved in shoplifting suffer from any mental disorder? Yes/No Do you feel that elderly shoplifters should be treated more leniently than the others? Yes/No Do you feel that elderly people are treated more leniently than the others? Yes/No What do you feel is the best way to treat first time elderly offenders? A. Punishment B. Counselling C. Warning D. Combination of the above (Specify) Do you feel that the Criminal Justice System should be stricter with shoplifters? Yes/No Location of respondents It has been decided that the there will be 10 respondents from the police force and ten respondents from the security departments of departmental stores. the researcher will access senior officials of the police force and the three chosen departmental stores. The researcher will write letters to them with the following contents Personal introduction Introduction of academic institution Reference to tutor and Head of Institution Purpose of Study Likely benefits of study Cooperation required Appreciation and gratitude. Despatch of these letters will be followed by personal phone calls, appointments and confirmation of respondents. References Abelson, E. S. (1992). When Ladies Go A-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store. New York: Oxford University Press. Arbetter, L. (1993, September). Security Spotlight: Shoplifting Reigns Supreme. Security Management, 37, 16+. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002195097 Berlin, P, (2006), Why do shoplifters steal? Retrieved October 7, 2006 from character-education.info/Articles/shoplifting.htm Collrin, C. B., & Hiew, C. (1983). Preventive Interventions in the Criminal Justice System: a Process Analysis. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 25(3), 319-328. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95774187 Griffin, R. (1989, December). Why the Temptation?. Security Management, 33, 126+. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002152732 Hiew, C. C. (1981). Prevention of Shoplifting: a Community Action Approach. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 23(1), 57-68. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95814646 Klemke, L. W. (1992). The Sociology of Shoplifting: Boosters and Snitches Today. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved October 8, 2006, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=24370606 Moak, G, Zimmer, B and Elliot, M (1988) Clinical perspectives on elderly first time offender shoplifters, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/6/648 Sacco, V. F. (1985). Shoplifting Prevention: the Role of Communication-Based Intervention Strategies. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 27(1), 15-30. Weinrich, N.K., (1996) Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Social Marketing Research, Social-Marketing.com, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from www.social-marketing.com/research.html Williams, J, (2002), Pyromania, Kleptomania and other Impulse-Control Disorders, Retrieved October 7, 2006 from www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/kleptomania.htm

The process of european union integrated border management The WritePass Journal

The process of european union integrated border management Introduction The process of european union integrated border management Introduction1. The Concept of the Schengen2. The Integration of the Schengen Acquis into the European Union3. Towards Integrated Border ManagementConclusionRelated Introduction 1. The Concept of the Schengen For the establishment of a common market, the abolition of any obstacles on the mobility of people was deemed to be a necessary pre-condition (Carrera, 2005, p. 700). According to Gogou (2006, p. 2) there are two parallel and competing methods for achieving the free movement of persons: the intergovernmental cooperation and the community approach. Member States introduced informal regular structures for the exchange of information on internal security problems since the mid-1970s (Gogou, 2006, p. 2-3).   As a first step, the member states developed the structure of Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism, and International Violence Group, or TREVI Group. It was set up in 1975 and comprised interior and justice ministers as well as police chiefs (Edwards Meyer, 2008, p. 8). It was initially a forum for exchanging information regarding organised crime and terrorism (Casale, 2008, p. 50). The TREVI Group lasted until 1992, when it was replaced by the provisions of the Maastricht Third Pillar involving immigration and asylum, policing, customs and legal co-operation (Casale, 2008, p. 50). On the other hand, intergovernmental co-operation between EU Member States regarding issues of external border security started in a systematic way in the second half of the 1980s within the Schengen context (Monar, 2006, p. 193). France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands decided to create a territory without internal borders in 1985 (Haider, 2002, p. 473). The purpose of the Schengen Area was to bring people closer together in a Europe without visible internal borders. The aim was to allow for the free movement of people and goods by removing all controls at the common borders of the participating states (Batt, 2003, p. 5-6). The Schengen Agreement increased the freedom of movement of people between countries that have implemented the agreement by abolishing passport controls; in addition, visitors to the Schengen Area require only one visa that is good for all Schengen countries (Bogdanyi Lewis, 2008, p. 1). On the other hand, the EU set up a ‘three-pillar’ system of decision-making under the Maastricht treaty (1992). The first pillar contained the EU’s single market and other policy areas where the European Commission has the right to draft laws (Brady Barysch, 2007, p. 5). The Maastricht Treaty created the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), as the 2nd pillar and the inter-governmental Justice and Home Affairs (JHA), as the 3rd pillar of the EU (Bomberg Peterson Stubb, 2008, p. 2). The third pillar, for JHA, originally covered EU cooperation in four policy areas: policing, criminal justice, immigration and asylum, and border management (Brady Barysch, 2007, p. 5). The actual Schengen Convention was ratified in June 1990 and came into effect in March of 1995, by which time several other states had agreed to the EU framework including Italy, Spain, and Portugal (Michael, 2008, p. 3). The Convention contained more general provisions on police cooperation, extradition, other issues of criminal justice cooperation, on narcotic drugs, firearms and the Schengen Information System (SIS) (Gogou, 2006, p. 3). SIS was established in the Schengen Convention (Title IV). The SIS came into effect in 1995 (Michael, 2008, p. 3). The SIS was developed to enable the authorities designated by each Member State to have access by an automated search procedure to alerts on persons and property for the purpose of border checks and other police and customs checks (Carrera, 2005, p. 7). Member states supply information to the system through national networks (N-SIS) connected to a central system (C-SIS), and this IT system is supplemented by a network known as SIRENE (Supplementary Information Request at the National Entry) (Rowan, 2009, p. 237). In 2001 SIS was expanded into SIS I+ in response to the inclusion of the Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland, and in 2007 SISone4all was put in place to manage the enlargement of the Schengen Area to encompass nine of the countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 (Czech republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) (Parkin, 2009, p. 4). Second generation of the SIS II is currently under development under the responsibility of the European Commission. Its deployment is currently planned in the first quarter of 2013 (Hartmann, 2010, p. 5). Monar (2006, p. 193) points out that Schengen system was based on the idea that common standards, procedures and even certain common instruments such as the SIS. Intergovernmental cooperation had advantages for Member States. They could escape any form of political control by the European Parliament (Gogou, 2006, p. 3-4) and jurisdictional control of the European Court of Justice or other social actors (Rosonow, 2009, p. 141). 2. The Integration of the Schengen Acquis into the European Union Schengen Acquis was transferred into the European Union framework on 1 May 1999 with the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Schengen area was expanded step by step beyond the original five member states (Lavenex, 2009, p. 1). Indeed external borders policies were transferred from the Third Pillar to (First Pillar) Title IV TEC named Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons (TEC Articles 62-69). Therefore, these matters therefore do not belong to national policies and legislation at the individual level (Tanguay Therrien, 2010, p. 4). The Treaty of Lisbon of 2009 significantly amended the provisions of the articles in Title IV TEC, renamed the title to Area of Freedom, Security and Justice and introduced into EU primary law the concept of an integrated management system for external borders. Articles 77-80 TFEU replaced Articles 62-69 TEC as the legal base for any measure dealing with visas and borders (Hartmann, 2010, p. 1). Article 77 (ex Article 62 TEC) provides the absence of any controls on persons, whatever their nationality, when crossing internal borders; carrying out checks on persons and efficient monitoring of the crossing of external borders; and the gradual introduction of an integrated management system for external borders. This development was crucial. According to Gogou (2006, p. 4) the Amsterdam Treaty put an end to the competition between intergovernmental cooperation and community approach for the implementation of the Schengen rules. The integration of the Schengen into the EU framework has resulted in special arrangements for three EU member states. The UK and Ireland had specific protocols which allow them to opt out of EU common policies concerning Schengen and the area of freedom security and justice (Duff, 2008, p. 5). The reasons for opt out; that the UK, as an island, has a comparative advantage in the field of border politics. Therefore, the government maintains that based on its geographic location the UK’s immigration control is reduced to certain main ports of entry such as airport, seaports, and the Channel tunnel. Joining Schengen would mean significant changes in UK border politics (Wiener, 1999, p. 446). â€Å"British governments maintains that police-free borders would be tantamount to throwing open the door for international criminals† (BBC, 1997). However, these countries have possibility to opt-in at a later stage, adopt and implement certain or all of the Schengen clauses at any time on the basis of an enabling Council Decision (Gogou, 2006, p. 6-7). At the same time, the UK and Ireland participated in the Schengen aspects that are not related to border control, such as the SIS with the exception of alerts relating to third country nationals (Parkin, 2011, p. 4). On the other hand, Denmark is a member of Schengen, but has a special arrangement. The Protocol on the Position of Denmark grants this Member State an opt-out from Title IV TEC which is in substance and procedures very similar to the British and Irish. However, Danish case is obviously more complicated because Denmark is a member of Schengen. Denmark has six months time to decide whether it will implement any Council decision building on the Schengen Acquis into national law (Monar, 1999, p. 12-13). Gogou, (2006, p. 7) claims that the effect of this regime is clearly to bypass the jurisdictional control of the European Court of Justice, and has an impact on community law in the area of the implementation of the Danish decision to opt-in. On the other hand, candidate states were not being offered the opportunity to negotiate similarly flexible arrangements like the UK, Ireland, and Denmark (Grabbe, 2000, p. 503). Poungh (2003, p. 648) stresses that new members have to comply with Schengen Acquis in full before benefiting from the advantages in terms of abolition of internal border controls and free movement of persons (as cited in Rowan, 2009, p. 237). At present, 22 EU Member States and 3 Non-EU states are part of the Schengen Area. Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain implemented the Schengen agreement in 1995. They were followed by Italy and Austria in 1997, Greece in 2000, and Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland in 2001(Norway and Iceland are not in the EU). Nine more EU countries joined in 2007, after the EUs eastward enlargement in 2004. They are: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Switzerland, which is not in the EU, implemented the agreement in December 2008 (BBC, 2011a). There is no date yet for Cyprus, which joined the EU in 2004, or for Bulgaria and Romania, which joined in 2007. Bulgaria and Romania have to fulfil a series of requirements. Andorra, and San Marino are not part of Schengen, but they no longer have checks at their borders (BBC, 2011a). Liechtenstein signed a protocol on the accession to the implementation of the Schengen Acquis on 28 February, 2008. The official Schengen incorporation is expected in the second half of 2011 (Liechtenstein, 2011). Schengen Area consists of 25 European countries, covering a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 km ² with 10,000 km ² of land borders, 50,000 km ² of sea borders and 1,792 official border-crossing points (Hartmann, 2010, p. 6). 3. Towards Integrated Border Management Member States expressed the political will to reinforce their policy in particular for the management of external borders. The Laeken European Council of 14-15 December 2001already recognised that ‘better management of the Union’s external border controls will help in the fight against terrorism, illegal immigration networks and the traffic in human beings (Hobbing, 2006b, p. 169). The Eurpean Council asked the Council and the European Commission to work out ‘arrangements for co-operation between services responsible for external border control and to examine the conditions in which a mechanism or common services to control external borders could be created’ (Council of the European Union 2001, Conclusion No. 42 of the Laeken Council.). This represented a revolution, a first breakthrough, in EU-history, of Member States’ monopoly in implementing and enforcing EU legislation at the borders. (Hobbing, 2006b, p. 169). Commission called for a more â€Å"coherent strategy† on European border management and identified as a core element of the latter the creation of a European border guard. (Carrera, 2010, p.2). The conclusion of the European Council initiated a discussion on a new topic called ‘integrated border management. (Hobbing, 2006, p.1). On the basis of the Council conclusions and in order to respond to the new challenge of the enlargement, a ‘Catalogue of recommendations for the correct application of the Schengen acquis and best practices for external border controls, removal and readmission’ was elaborated by the Council on February 2002. It is a practical instrument listing a series of measures for the correct implementation of the Schengen rules and dressing up a non exhaustive set of working methods for its optimal application. (Gogou, 2006, p. 11). The Commission built upon the Council’s request and released a communication entitled â€Å"Towards integrated border management of the external borders of the member states of the European Union† on 7 May 2002. (Communication to the Council and the European Parliament, Brussels, 7 May 2002, COM (2002) 233 final, 28p). , this Communication proposed a gradual move towards an ‘integrated management’ of external borders, which would start with a consolidation and codification of common rules and standards for external border controls. (Monar, 2006, p. 195).It would continue, inter alia, with the creation of an ‘External borders practitioners’ common unit’ and various other co-operation mechanisms, leading then to financial burden-sharing mechanisms, and, finally, to a ‘European Corps of Border Guards’. (Monar, 2006, p. 196). In a similar fashion, in June 2002 the Seville European Council on 21–22 June 2002 Council adopted the action plan for the (Carrera, 2010, p. 3). management of the external borders of the member states of the European Union,17 where for the first time it confirmed its political willingness to seriously consider the European Border Guard proposal. (Carrera, 2010, p. 4). In the action plan, the Council also stressed that this common corps would not be destined to replace national services but only to support them. (Carrera, 2010, p. 4). European Border Guard was also presented as a key institutional tool to foster the principle of solidarity and a fair sharing of responsibility between the old and new EU member states. The initiative, however, was received with cold reactions by countries such as Poland and Slovenia, which expressed concern in relation to its potential impact over their national sovereignty and constitutional prerogatives. (Hobbing, 2006, p. 163).   On the basis of the 2002 Action Plan significant progress has been made towards the ‘integrated management’ of external borders through enhanced operational cooperation and coordination between national border guard forces, institutionalisation of the cooperation process regarding external borders, and burden-sharing in the domain of external border controls. (Monar, 2006, p. 200). According to Monar (2006, p. 196) there are different possible models for a European Border Guard, which are ultimately based on different political concepts on how far ‘integration’ should go in the area of external border controls. These models can be summarised as follows: (Monar, 2006, p. 196). The first model which may be called the ‘integrated force model’ would involve the creation, surely only in a longer-term perspective, of an integrated border guard force under the authority of the Council. It would have a common command structure and common training and equipment standards, financed through the EU budget. It would also be vested with full law enforcement powers at external borders, partially or (eventually) totally replacing national border police forces. (Monar, 2006, p. 196-7). The second model which may be called the ‘network model’ would mean the creation of a European Border Guard as a network of national border guard units. According to this model units would continue to exist as separate national forces, but they would be subject to common instructions issued by a Council body and based on common training and equipment standards. Certain parts of the national border guards could be trained and equipped to constitute a contingency reserve (or ‘rapid response force’) consisting of national units able to merge into joint units, and capable of being deployed at particular ‘hot spots’ at external borders upon request and approval by the Council body. (Monar, 2006, p. 197). It appears that the first model would be the most easy and efficient. However, it is believed that would be the most difficult to implement. According to Monar (2006, p.197) there are political obstacle. Most Member States are reluctant to create any supranational body in the law enforcement field, and to confer law enforcement powers within their area on officials from other Member States. Also the new Central and Eastern European Member States got back their full national sovereignty only at the end of the Cold War, most of these new Member States are wary of the creation of further supranational structures at the EU level restricting their sovereignty. The integrated force model would require considerable changes to national legislation, and constitution. An integrated force would need to be created through the merger of national forces, which up to now are marked by major differences in terms of tasks, structures, training and equipment. Integrated border guard force will cause the language problems. The UK House of Lords report (2003) highlighted the â€Å"danger of misunderstanding as a result of languages and other differences†. (Carrera, 2010, p. 5). On the other hand, the second ‘network’ model would clearly be easier to implement. Under the network model (Monar, 2006, p. 198). However, according to Monar (2006, p.198) there are number of specific problems with the network model of a European Border Guard. Under this model, national forces would continue to exist. Therefore the effectiveness of the network would heavily depend on all of these separate forces implementing external border control standards and procedures as uniformly as possible in line with the common guidelines issued by the Council body. Also Member States are most likely to resist any major changes to their national services in charge of border controls, especially if these are perceived to be costly and contrary to well established national traditions. (Monar, 2006, p. 198). However, this model would require a major effort in training, language learning and standardisation of equipment. The Greek Presidency at the European Council in Thessaloniki in June 2003, the Member States agreed, on 16 October 2004, on the establishment of an Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders (Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 2004). (Monar, 2006, p. 204). FRONTEX Agency was set up in order to promote integrated border management. (Jorry, 2007, p.8). The EU acquis on external borders, and its IBM, are now part of the main legal, institutional and financial foundations. Since 2005, Frontex has been in charge of coordinating operational cooperation among the border services of the EU member states.42 (Carrera, 2010, p.8) One year later Frontex’s activities were complemented by the adoption of the Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across the borders (the SBC),43 which offers a more transparent and common set of harmonised rules and procedures for crossing the external borders of the EU.44 This has been accompanied by the adoption of the external borders fund in 2007,45 which has been politically presented as a key component of the principle of solidarity on (Carrera, 2010, p. 8) border controls in an enlarged EU by financing border-crossing infrastructure, equipment and projects as well as the exchange and training of staff. (Carrera, 2010, p. 9). The SBC has also codified a common European understanding of the ways in which border controls should be carried out across the Union, which has had deep repercussions regarding ‘who’ is to be considered a border guard and the kinds of activities and tasks falling under the scope of external border controls in Europe. (Carrera, 2010, p. 9). Conclusion Consequently, IBM rules cannot easily be located within just one framework; they are spread across a number of legal and administrative instruments. They represent a multi-layered compilation of provisions, with only the basic ones found in formal legal texts such as the Treaty on the European Community or the Schengen instruments of 1985-90, while much of the rest has been adopted through informal arrangements, e.g. the Common Manual on external borders adopted by the Schengen Executive Committee (Council of the European Union, 2002a) and the Catalogue of Best Practices drawn up by the Working Party on Schengen Evaluation.17 (Hobbing, 2006, p.165).